| Signal Processing Blockset™ | |
Signal Operations
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The Variable Integer Delay block delays the discrete-time input at the In port by the integer number of sample intervals specified by the input to the Delay port. The sample rate of the input signal at the Delay port must be the same as the sample rate of the input signal at the In port. When these sample rates are not the same, you need to insert a Zero-Order Hold or Rate Transition block in order to make the sample rates identical. The delay for an N-D sample-based input can be a scalar value to uniformly delay every sample in every channel, or a matrix containing one delay value for each channel of the input. The delay for a frame-based input sequence can be a scalar value to uniformly delay every sample in every channel, a vector containing one delay value for each sample in the input frame, or a vector containing one delay value for each channel in the input frame.
The delay values should be in the range of 0 to D, where D is the Maximum delay. Delay values greater than D or less than 0 are clipped to those respective values and noninteger delays are rounded to the nearest integer value.
The Variable Integer Delay block differs from the Delay block in the following ways.
| Variable Integer Delay Block | Delay Block |
|---|---|
The delay is provided as an input to the Delay port. | You specify the delay as a parameter setting in the dialog box. |
Delay can vary with time; for example, for a frame-based input, the nth element's delay in the first input frame can differ from the nth element's delay in the second input frame. | Delay cannot vary with time; for example, for a frame-based input, the nth element's delay is the same for every input frame. |
When the Variable Integer Delay block is used in a feedback loop, at least one block with nonzero delay (for example, a Delay block with Delay > 0) should be included in the loop as well. This prevents the occurrence of an algebraic loop when the delay of the Variable Integer Delay block is driven to zero. | You can use the Delay block to break an algebraic loop. |
The Variable Integer Delay block supports N-D input arrays. When the input is an M-by-N-by-P sample-based array, the block treats each of the M*N*P elements as independent channels, and applies the delay at the Delay port to each channel.
The Variable Integer Delay block stores the D+1 most recent samples received at the In port for each channel. At each sample time the block outputs the stored sample(s) indexed by the input to the Delay port.
For example, when the input to the In port, u, is a scalar signal, the block stores a vector, U, of the D+1 most recent signal samples. When the current input sample is U(1), the previous input sample is U(2), and so on, then the block's output is
y = U(v+1); % Equivalent MATLAB code
where v is the input to the Delay port. A delay value of 0 (v=0) causes the block to pass through the sample at the In port in the same simulation step that it is received. The block's memory is initialized to the Initial conditions value at the start of the simulation (see below).
The next figure shows the block output for a scalar ramp sequence at the In port, a Maximum delay of 5, an Initial conditions of 0, and a variety of different delays at the Delay port.
The current input at each time step is immediately stored in memory as U(1). This allows the current input to be available at the output for a delay of 0 (v=0).
The Initial conditions parameter specifies the values in the block's memory at the start of the simulation. Unlike the Delay block, the Variable Integer Delay block does not have a fixed initial delay period during which the initial conditions appear at the output. Instead, the initial conditions are propagated to the output only when they are indexed in memory by the value at the Delay port. Both fixed and time-varying initial conditions can be specified in a variety of ways to suit the dimensions of the input sequence.
The settings in this section specify fixed initial conditions. For a fixed initial condition, the block initializes each of D samples in memory to the value entered in the Initial conditions parameter. A fixed initial condition in sample-based mode can be specified in one of the following ways:
Scalar value with which to initialize every sample of every channel in memory. For a general M-by-N input and the parameter settings in this figure,
the block initializes 100 M-by-N matrices in memory with zeros.
Array of size M-by-N-by-D. In this case, you can specify different fixed initial conditions for each channel. See the Array bullet in Time-Varying Initial Conditions below for details.
The following settings specify time-varying initial conditions. For a time-varying initial condition, the block initializes each of D samples in memory to one of the values entered in the Initial conditions parameter. This allows you to specify a unique output value for each sample in memory. A time-varying initial condition in sample-based mode can be specified in one of the following ways:
Vector containing D elements with which to initialize memory samples U(2:D+1), where D is the Maximum delay. For a scalar input and the parameters in the next figure, the block initializes U(2:6) with values [-1, -1, -1, 0, 1].
Array of dimension M-by-N-by-D with which to initialize memory samples U(2:D+1), where D is the Maximum delay and M and N are the number of rows and columns, respectively, in the input matrix. For a 2-by-3 input and the following parameters, the block initializes memory locations U(2:5) with values
An M-by-N-by-P-by-D matrix can be entered for the Initial Conditions parameter when the input is an M-by-N-by-P array. The (M,N,P,T)th sample of the Initial Conditions matrix provides the initial condition value for the (M,N,P)th channel of the input matrix at delay = D–t+1 samples.
When the input is an M-by-N frame-based matrix, the block treats each of the N input columns as a frame containing M sequential time samples from an independent channel.
In frame-based mode, the input at the Delay port can be a scalar value to uniformly delay every sample in every channel. It can also be a column-based length-M vector, containing one delay for each sample in the input frame(s). The set of delays contained in the vector is applied identically to every channel of a multichannel input. The Delay port entry can also be a row-based length-N vector, containing one delay for each channel. Finally, the Delay port entry can also be an M-by-N matrix, containing a different delay for each corresponding element of the input.
Vector v does not specify when the samples in the current input frame will appear in the output. Rather, v indicates which previous input samples (stored in memory) should be included in the current output frame. The first sample in the current output frame is the input sample v(1) intervals earlier in the sequence, the second sample in the current output frame is the input sample v(2) intervals earlier in the sequence, and so on.
The illustration below shows how this works for an input with a sample period of 1 and frame size of 4. The Maximum delay (Dmax) is 5, and the Initial conditions parameter is set to -1. The delay input changes from [1 3 0 5] to [2 0 0 2] after the second input frame. The samples in each output frame are the values in memory indexed by the elements of v:
y(1) = U(v(1)+1) y(2) = U(v(2)+1) y(3) = U(v(3)+1) y(4) = U(v(4)+1)
The Initial conditions parameter specifies the values in the block's memory at the start of the simulation. Both fixed and time-varying initial conditions can be specified.
The settings shown in this section specify fixed initial conditions. For a fixed initial condition, the block initializes each of D samples in memory to the value entered in the Initial conditions parameter. A fixed initial condition in frame-based mode can be one of the following:
Scalar value with which to initialize every sample of every channel in memory. For a general M-by-N input with the parameter settings below, the block initializes five samples in memory with zeros.
Array of size 1-by-N-by-D. In this case, you can specify different fixed initial conditions for each channel. See the Array bullet in Time-Varying Initial Conditions below for details.
The following setting specifies a time-varying initial condition. For a time-varying initial condition, the block initializes each of D samples in memory to one of the values entered in the Initial conditions parameter. This allows you to specify a unique output value for each sample in memory. A time-varying initial condition in frame-based mode can be specified in the following ways:
Vector of dimensions 1-by-D. In this case, all channels have the same set of time-varying initial conditions specified by the entries of the vector. For the ramp input [100; 100]' with a frame size of 4, delay of 5, and the following parameter settings, the block outputs the following sequence of frames at the start of the simulation:
Array of size 1-by-N-by-D. In this case, you can specify different time-varying initial conditions for each channel. For the ramp input [100; 100]' with a frame size of 4, delay of 5, and the following parameter settings, the block outputs the following sequence of frames at the start of the simulation:
By specifying a 1-by-N-by-D initial condition array such that each 1-by-N vector entry is identical, you can implement different fixed initial conditions for each channel.
The maximum delay that the block can produce for any sample. Delay input values exceeding this maximum are clipped at the maximum.
The values with which the block's memory is initialized.
| Port | Supported Data Types |
|---|---|
In |
|
Delay |
|
Out |
|
| Delay | Signal Processing Blockset |
| Variable Fractional Delay | Signal Processing Blockset |
| Variable Fractional Delay | Variable Selector | |
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