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Electric Drives/DC drives
The high-level schematic shown below is built from four main blocks. The DC motor and the IGBT/Diode device (within the Universal Bridge block) are provided with the SimPowerSystems library. More details are available in the reference pages for these blocks. The two other blocks are specific to the Electric Drives library. These blocks are the speed controller and the current controller. They allow speed or torque regulation. A "regulation switch" block allows you to toggle from one type of regulation to the other. During torque regulation the speed controller is disabled. It is possible to use a simplified version of the drive containing an average-value model of the one-quadrant chopper and allowing faster simulation.
Note In SimPowerSystems software, the One-Quadrant Chopper DC Drive block is commonly called the DC5 motor drive. |
The speed regulator shown below uses a PI controller. The controller outputs the armature current reference (in pu) used by the current controller in order to obtain the electromagnetic torque needed to reach the desired speed. During torque regulation, the speed controller is disabled.
The controller takes the speed reference (in rpm) and the rotor speed of the DC machine as inputs. The speed reference change rate will follow user-defined acceleration and deceleration ramps in order to avoid sudden reference changes that could cause armature over-current and destabilize the system. In order to avoid negative speeds that could induce conduction of the free-wheeling diode, the speed reference has a lower limit of 0 rpm.
The speed measurement is filtered by a first-order low-pass filter.
The current reference output is limited between 0 pu and an upper limit defined by the user.
The armature current regulator shown below is based on a second PI controller. The regulator controls the armature current by computing the appropriate duty ratio of the IGBT fixed frequency pulses (Pulse Width Modulation). This generates the average armature voltage needed to obtain the desired armature current and thus the desired electromagnetic torque.
The controller takes the current reference (in pu) and the armature current flowing through the motor as inputs. The current reference is either provided by the speed controller during speed regulation or computed from the torque reference provided by the user during torque regulation. This is managed by the "regulation switch" block. The armature current input is filtered by a first-order low-pass filter.
The pulse width modulation is obtained by comparison of the PI output and a fixed frequency sawtooth carrier signal (see the figure called Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)).
The average-value converter is shown in the following figure.
It is composed of one controlled current source on the DC source side and one controlled voltage source on the motor side. The current source allows the representation of the average input current value following the next equations:
when
when
with
being the firing angle value and
the
armature current value. The voltage source on the motor side represents
the average voltage value following the next equations :
when
when
with
being the input voltage.
The machine is separately excited with a constant DC field voltage source. There is thus no field voltage control. By default, the field current is set to its steady-state value when a simulation is started.
The armature voltage is provided by an IGBT buck converter controlled by two PI regulators. The buck converter is fed by a constant DC voltage source. Armature current oscillations are reduced by a smoothing inductance connected in series with the armature circuit.
The model is discrete. Good simulation results have been obtained with a 1 µs time step. In order to simulate a digital controller device, the control system has two different sampling times:
The speed controller sampling time
The current controller sampling time
The speed controller sampling time has to be a multiple of the current sampling time. The latter sampling time has to be a multiple of the simulation time step.
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
The DC Machine tab displays the parameters of the DC machine block of the powerlib library. Refer to the DC Machine for more information on the DC machine block parameters.
Select between the detailed and the average-value inverter.
Allows you to select either the load torque or the motor speed as mechanical input. Note that if you select and apply a load torque, you will obtain as output the motor speed according to the following differential equation that describes the mechanical system dynamics:
This mechanical system is included in the motor model.
However, if you select the motor speed as mechanical input then you will get the electromagnetic torque as output, allowing you to represent externally the mechanical system dynamics. Note that the internal mechanical system is not used with this mechanical input selection and the inertia and viscous friction parameters are not displayed.
See for example Mechanical Coupling of Two Motor Drives.
The IGBT/Diode Device section of the Converter tab displays the parameters of the Universal Bridge block of the powerlib library. Refer to the Universal Bridge for more information on the Universal Bridge block parameters.
The smoothing inductance value (H).
The DC motor field voltage value (V).
When you press this button, a diagram illustrating the speed and current controllers schematics appears.
This pop-up menu allows you to choose between speed and torque regulation.
The nominal speed value of the DC motor (rpm). This value is used to convert motor speed from rpm to pu (per unit).
The initial speed reference value (rpm). This value allows the user to start a simulation with a speed reference other than 0 rpm.
Cutoff frequency of the low-pass filter used to filter the motor speed measurement (Hz).
The speed controller sampling time (s). This sampling time has to be a multiple of the current controller sampling time and of the simulation time step.
The proportional gain of the PI speed controller.
The integral gain of the PI speed controller.
The maximum change of speed allowed during motor acceleration (rpm/s). Too great a value can cause armature over-current.
The maximum change of speed allowed during motor deceleration (rpm/s). Too great a value can cause armature over-current.
Cutoff frequency of the low-pass filter used to filter the armature current measurement (Hz).
Maximum current reference value (pu). 1.5 pu is a common value.
The switching frequency of the IGBT device (Hz).
The current controller sampling time (s). This sampling time has to be a submultiple of the speed controller sampling time and a multiple of the simulation time step.
The DC motor nominal power (W) and voltage (V) values. These values are used to convert armature current from amperes to pu (per unit).
The proportional gain of the PI current controller.
The integral gain of the PI current controller.
The speed or torque set point. Note that the speed set point can be a step function, but the speed change rate will follow the acceleration / deceleration ramps. If the load torque and the speed have opposite signs, the accelerating torque will be the sum of the electromagnetic and load torques.
The mechanical input: load torque (Tm) or motor speed (Wm).
The DC voltage source electric connections. The voltage must be adequate for the motor size.
The mechanical output: motor speed (Wm) or electromagnetic torque (Te).
The motor measurement vector. This vector is composed of two elements:
The armature voltage
The DC motor measurement vector (containing the speed, armature current, field current, and electromagnetic torque values). Note that the speed signal is converted from rad/s to rpm before output.
The IGBT/Diode device measurement vector. This vector includes the converter output voltage. The output current is not included since it is equal to the DC motor armature current. Note that all current and voltage values of the converter can be visualized with the Multimeter block.
The controller measurement vector. This vector contains:
The armature current reference
The duty cycle of the PWM pulses
The speed or torque error (difference between the speed reference ramp and actual speed or between the torque reference and actual torque)
The speed reference ramp or torque reference
The library contains a 5 hp drive parameter set. The specifications of the 5 hp drive are shown in the following table.
5 HP Drive Specifications
Drive Input Voltage | ||
|---|---|---|
Amplitude | 280 V | |
Motor Nominal Values | ||
Power | 5 hp | |
Speed | 1750 rpm | |
Voltage | 240 V | |
The dc5_example demo illustrates the one-quadrant chopper drive used with the 5 hp drive parameter set during speed regulation.
The buck converter is fed by a 280 V DC voltage source and the IGBT switching frequency is 5 kHz.
The speed reference is set at 500 rpm at t = 0 s. Initial load torque is 15 N.m.
Observe that the motor speed follows the reference ramp accurately (+250 rpm/s) and reaches steady state around t = 2.5 s.
The armature current follows the current reference very well, with fast response time and small ripples. Notice that the current ripple frequency is 5 kHz.
At t = 2.5 s, the load torque passes from 15 N.m to 20 N.m. The motor speed recovers fast and is back at 500 rpm at t = 3 s. The current reference rises to about 16.7 A to generate a higher electromagnetic torque to maintain the speed reference. As observed before, the armature current follows its reference perfectly.
At t = 3 s, the speed reference jumps down to 350 rpm. The armature current lowers in order for the speed to decrease following the negative speed slope (-250 rpm/s) with the help of the load torque.
At t = 4 s, the speed stabilizes around its reference.
The following figure shows the armature current and speed waveforms.
DC5 Example — Current and Speed Waveforms (Blue: Detailed Converter, Red: Average-Value Converter)
The next figure shows the duty cycle of the chopper pulses and the corresponding armature voltage and current waveforms during a time interval of 2 ms.
DC5 Example — Duty Cycles, Armature Voltage, and Current Waveforms (Blue: Detailed Converter, Red: Average-Value Converter)
[1] Boldea, Ion, and S.A. Nasar, Electric Drives, CRC Press LLC, 1999.
[2] Séguier, Guy, Electronique de puissance, Dunod, 1999.
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