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Electric Drives/DC drives
The high-level schematic shown below is built from five main blocks. The DC motor, the three-phase full converter, and the bridge firing unit are provided with the SimPowerSystems library. More details are available in the reference pages for these blocks. The two other blocks are specific to the Electric Drives library. These blocks are the speed controller and the current controller. They allow speed or torque regulation. A "regulation switch" block allows you to toggle from one type of regulation to the other. During torque regulation the speed controller is disabled. It is possible to use a simplified version of the drive containing an average-value model of the three-phase converter and allowing faster simulation.
Note In SimPowerSystems software, the Two-Quadrant Three-Phase Rectifier DC Drive block is commonly called the DC3 motor drive. |
The speed regulator shown below uses a PI controller. The controller outputs the armature current reference (in pu) used by the current controller in order to obtain the electromagnetic torque needed to reach the desired speed. During torque regulation, the speed controller is disabled.
The controller takes the speed reference (in rpm) and the rotor speed of the DC machine as inputs. The speed reference change rate will follow user-defined acceleration and deceleration ramps in order to avoid sudden reference changes that could cause armature over-current and destabilize the system. The speed measurement is filtered by a first-order low-pass filter.
The current reference output is limited between 0 pu and an upper limit defined by the user.
The armature current regulator shown below is based on a second PI controller. The regulator controls the armature current by computing the appropriate thyristor firing angle. This generates the rectifier output voltage needed to obtain the desired armature current and thus the desired electromagnetic torque.
The controller takes the current reference (in pu) and the armature current flowing through the motor as inputs. The current reference is either provided by the speed controller during speed regulation or computed from the torque reference provided by the user during torque regulation. This is managed by the "regulation switch" block.
The armature current input is filtered by a first-order low-pass filter. An arccosine function is used to linearize the control system during continuous conduction. To compensate nonlinearities appearing during discontinuous conduction, a feedforward term is added to the firing angle. This improves the system's response time. The firing angle can vary between 0 and 180 degrees. You can limit the lower and upper limits to intermediate values.
The simplified converter is shown in the following figure.
It is composed of two controlled current sources on the AC side and one controlled voltage source on the DC side. The AC current sources allow the representation of the fundamental three-phase current behaviors following the next equations:
with
being the firing angle value,
the
phase angle of phase A, f the AC frequency and
the rectified output current value.
The DC voltage source represents the average voltage value of the
rectified voltage waveform following the next equation:
with
being the input phase-to-phase RMS
voltage value and L being the source inductance value.
The bridge firing unit converts the firing angle, provided by the current controller, to six pulses applied to the thyristor gates. The bridge firing unit block contains a band-pass filter on voltage measurement to remove voltage harmonics. The Discrete Synchronized 6-Pulse Generator block generates the pulses. Refer to the Synchronized 6-Pulse Generator for more information on this block. When using the average-value converter the bridge firing unit simply outputs the firing angle value needed by the converter.
The machine is separately excited with a constant DC field voltage source. There is thus no field voltage control. By default, the field current is set to its steady-state value when a simulation is started.
The armature voltage is provided by a three-phase rectifier controlled by two PI regulators. Armature current oscillations are reduced by a smoothing inductance connected in series with the armature circuit.
The average-value converter represents the average behavior of a three-phase rectifier for continuous armature current. This model is thus not suitable for simulating DC drives under discontinuous armature current conditions. The converter outputs a continuous voltage value equal to the average-value of the real-life rectified voltage. The armature voltage, armature current and electromagnetic torque ripples are thus not represented. The input currents have the frequency and amplitude of the fundamental current component of the real-life input currents.
The model is discrete. Good simulation results have been obtained with a 20 µs time step. The control system (speed and current controllers) samples data following a user-defined sample time in order to simulate a digital controller device. Keep in mind that this sampling time has to be a multiple of the simulation time step.
The average-value converter allows the use of bigger simulation time steps since it does not generate small time constants (due to the RC snubbers) inherent to the detailed converter. For a controller sampling time of 100 µs good simulation results have been obtained for a simulation time step of 100 µs. This time step can of course not be higher than the controller time step.
The DC Machine tab displays the parameters of the DC machine block of the powerlib library. Refer to the DC Machine for more information on the DC machine block parameters.
Select between the detailed and the average-value inverter.
Allows you to select either the load torque or the motor speed as mechanical input. Note that if you select and apply a load torque, you will obtain as output the motor speed according to the following differential equation that describes the mechanical system dynamics:
This mechanical system is included in the motor model.
However, if you select the motor speed as mechanical input then you will get the electromagnetic torque as output, allowing you to represent externally the mechanical system dynamics. Note that the internal mechanical system is not used with this mechanical input selection and the inertia and viscous friction parameters are not displayed.
See for example Mechanical Coupling of Two Motor Drives.
The Rectifier section of the Converter tab displays the parameters of the Universal Bridge block of the powerlib library. Refer to the Universal Bridge for more information on the thyristor converter parameters.
The smoothing inductance value (H).
The DC motor field voltage value (V).
Phase-to-phase rms voltage of the three-phase voltage source connected to the A,B,C terminals of the drive (V). This parameter is not used when using the detailed rectifier.
Frequency of the three-phase voltage source connected to the A,B,C terminals of the drive (Hz). This parameter is not used when using the detailed rectifier.
Source inductance of the three-phase voltage source connected to the A,B,C terminals of the drive (H). This parameter is not used when using the detailed rectifier.
Phase angle of phase A of the three-phase voltage source connected to the A,B,C terminals of the drive (deg). This parameter is not used when using the detailed rectifier.
When you press this button, a diagram illustrating the speed and current controllers schematics appears.
This pop-up menu allows you to choose between speed and torque regulation.
The controller (speed and current) sampling time (s). The sampling time has to be a multiple of the simulation time step.
The nominal speed value of the DC motor (rpm). This value is used to convert motor speed from rpm to pu (per unit).
The initial speed reference value (rpm). This value allows the user to start a simulation with a speed reference other than 0 rpm.
Cutoff frequency of the low-pass filter used to filter the motor speed measurement (Hz).
The proportional gain of the PI speed controller.
The integral gain of the PI speed controller.
The maximum change of speed allowed during motor acceleration (rpm/s). Too great a value can cause armature over-current.
The maximum change of speed allowed during motor deceleration (rpm/s). Too great a value can cause armature over-current.
The DC motor nominal power (W) and voltage (V) values. These values are used to convert armature current from amperes to pu (per unit).
The proportional gain of the PI current controller.
The integral gain of the PI current controller.
Cutoff frequency of the low-pass filter used to filter the armature current measurement (Hz).
Maximum current reference value (pu). 1.5 pu is a common value.
Minimum firing angle value (deg.). 20 degrees is a common value.
Maximum firing angle value (deg.). 160 degrees is a common value.
Frequency of the synchronization voltages used by the discrete synchronized 6-pulse generator block (Hz). This frequency is equal to the line frequency of the three-phase power line. This parameter is not used when using the average-value converter.
The width of the pulses applied to the six thyristor gates (deg.). This parameter is not used when using the average-value converter.
The speed or torque set point. Note that the speed set point can be a step function, but the speed change rate will follow the acceleration / deceleration ramps. If the load torque and the speed have opposite signs, the accelerating torque will be the sum of the electromagnetic and load torques.
The mechanical input: load torque (Tm) or motor speed (Wm).
The three-phase electric connections. The voltage must be adequate for the motor size.
The mechanical output: motor speed (Wm) or electromagnetic torque (Te).
The motor measurement vector. This vector is composed of two elements:
The armature voltage
The DC motor measurement vector (containing the speed, armature current, field current, and electromagnetic torque values). Note that the speed signal is converted from rad/s to rpm before output.
The three-phase converter measurement vector. It includes the converter output voltage. The output current is not included since it is equal to the DC motor armature current. Note that all current and voltage values of the detailed rectifier bridge can be visualized with the mulimeter block
The controller measurement vector. This vector contains:
The armature current reference
The firing angle computed by the current controller
The speed or torque error (difference between the speed reference ramp and actual speed or between the torque reference and actual torque)
The speed reference ramp or torque reference
The library contains a 5 hp and a 200 hp drive parameter set. The specifications of these two drives are shown in the following table.
5 HP and 200 HP Drive Specifications
5 HP Drive | 200 HP Drive | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Drive Input Voltage | |||
Amplitude | 220 V | 460 V | |
Frequency | 50 Hz | 60 Hz | |
Motor Nominal Values | |||
Power | 5 hp | 200 hp | |
Speed | 1750 rpm | 1750 rpm | |
Voltage | 240 V | 500 V |
The dc3_example demo illustrates the three-phase rectifier drive used with the 200 hp drive parameter set during torque regulation. A 5 hp parameter set is also available in the library.
The rectifier is fed by a 460 V AC 60 Hz voltage source.
The motor is coupled to a linear load, which means that the mechanical torque of the load is proportional to the speed.
The initial torque reference is set to 0 N.m and the armature current is null. No electromagnetic torque is produced, and the motor stays still.
At t = 0.05 s, the torque reference jumps to 800 N.m. This causes the armature current to rise to about 305 A. Notice that the armature current follows the reference quite accurately, with fast response time and small overshooting. The 15 mH smoothing inductance keeps the current oscillations quite small. Observe also that the average firing angle value stays below 90 degrees, the converter being in rectifier mode.
The electromagnetic torque produced by the armature current flow causes the motor to accelerate. The speed rises and starts to stabilize around t = 5 s at about 1450 rpm, the sum of the load and viscous friction torques beginning to equalize the electromagnetic torque.
At t = 5 s, the torque reference is set to 400 N.m and the armature current jumps down to about 155 A. This causes the load torque to decelerate the motor.
At t = 10 s speed starts to stabilize around 850 rpm.
The following figure illustrates the results obtained respectively with the detailed and average-value converters. Average voltage, current, torque and speed values are identical for both models. The average firing angle values however are slightly different. Notice that the higher frequency signal components are not represented with the simplified converter.
DC3 Example Waveforms (Blue : Detailed Converter, Red : Average-Value Converter)
[1] Sen, P.C., Thyristor DC Drives, J.Wiley and Sons, 1981.
[2] Nondahl, Thomas A., Microprocessor Control of Motor Drives and Power Converters, tutorial course, IEEE Industry Application Society, October 1993, pp. 7.1-7.26.
 | Two-Quadrant Single-Phase Rectifier DC Drive | Universal Bridge |  |
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