# Documentation

## Bode Diagram Design

### What Is Bode Diagram Design?

One technique for compensator design is to work with Bode diagrams of the open-loop response (loop shaping).

Using Bode diagrams, you can

• Design to gain and phase margin specifications

• Add notch filters for disturbance rejection

### Bode Diagram Design for DC Motor

The following topics use the DC motor example to show how to create a compensator using Bode diagram design techniques. From SISO Example: The DC Motor, the transfer function of the DC motor is

```Transfer function: 1.5 ------------------ s^2 + 14 s + 40.02 ```

For this example, the design criteria are as follows:

• Rise time of less than 0.5 second

• Steady-state error of less than 5%

• Overshoot of less than 10%

• Gain margin greater than 20 dB

• Phase margin greater than 40 degrees

The Linear System Analyzer Showing the Step Response for the DC Motor, shows that the closed-loop step response is too slow. The simplest approach to speeding up the response is to increase the gain of the compensator.

To increase the gain:

1. Click the Compensator Editor tab to open the Compensator Editor page.

2. Select C from the compensator selection list.

3. In the text box to the right of the equal sign in the Compensator area, enter `38` and press Enter.

Adjusting Compensator Gain on the Compensator Editor Page

The SISO Design Tool calculates the compensator gain, and Bode and root locus graphs in the Graphical Tuning window are updated.

Alternatively, you can set the gain in the Graphical Tuning window by grabbing the Bode magnitude line and dragging it upward. The gain and poles change as the closed-loop set point is recomputed, and the new compensator value is updated in the Compensator Editor page.

Because the design requirements include a 0.5-second rise time, try setting the gain so that the DC crossover frequency is about 3 rad/s. The rationale for setting the bandwidth to 3 rad/s is that, to a first-order approximation, this should correspond to about a 0.33-second time constant.

To make the crossover easier to see, select Grid from the right-click menu. This creates a grid for the Bode magnitude plot. Left-click the Bode magnitude plot and drag the curve until you see the curve crossing over the 0 dB line (on the y axis) at 3 rad/s. This changes both the SISO Design Tool display and the Linear System Analyzer step response.

For a crossover at 3 rad/s, the compensator gain should be about 38. By default, the Graphical Tuning window shows gain and phase margin information in the lower-left corners of the Bode diagrams. In the Bode magnitude plot, it also tells you if your closed-loop system is stable or unstable.

This figure shows the Graphical Tuning window.

Adjusting Bandwidth in the Graphical Tuning Window

This plot shows the associated closed-loop step response in the Linear System Analyzer.

Closed-Loop Step Response for the DC Motor with a Compensator Gain = 38

The step response shows that the steady-state error and rise time have improved somewhat, but you must design a more sophisticated controller to meet all the design specifications, in particular, the steady-state error requirement.

1. Click the Compensator Editor tab to open the Compensator Editor page.

2. Right-click anywhere in the Dynamics table for the right-click menu, and then select Add Pole/Zero > Integrator.

The following figures show this process.

Adding an Integrator in the Dynamics Table

Editable Integrator Parameters

Notice adding the integrator changed the crossover frequency of the system. Readjust the compensator gain in the Compensator Editor page to bring the crossover back to 3 rad/s; the gain should be `99`.

After you have added the integrator and readjusted the compensator gain, the Graphical Tuning window shows a red `x' at the origin of the root locus plot.

Integrator on the Root Locus Plot

The following figure shows the closed-loop step response.

Step Response for the DC Motor with an Integrator in the Compensator

Use the right-click menu to show the peak response and rise time (listed under the Characteristics). The step response is settling around 1, which satisfies the steady-state error requirement. This is because the integrator forces the system to zero steady-state error. The figure shows, however, that the peak response is 1.3, or about 30% overshoot, and that the rise time is roughly 0.4 second. So a compensator consisting of an integrator and a gain is not enough to satisfy the design requirements, which require that the overshoot be less than 10%.

Part of the design requirements is a gain margin of 20 dB or greater and a phase margin of 40° or more. In the current compensator design, the gain margin is 11.5 dB and the phase margin is 38.1°, both of which fail to meet the design requirements. The rise time needs to be shortened while improving the stability margins. One approach is to increase the gain to speed up the response, but the system is already underdamped, and increasing the gain will decrease the stability margin as well. You might try experimenting with the compensator gain to verify this. The only option left is to add dynamics to the compensator.

1. Click the Compensator Editor tab to open the Compensator Editor page.

2. In the Dynamics table, right-click and then select Add Pole/Zero > Lead.

Adding a Lead Network to the DC Motor Compensator on the Compensator Editor Page

Editable fields are shown in the Edit Selected Dynamics group box (right side of page) when an item in the Dynamics table has been selected, as shown in the following figure.

For this example, change Real Zero to `-7.38` and change Real Pole to `-11.1`.

You can also add a lead network using the Graphical Tuning window. Right-click in the Bode graph, select Add Pole/Zero > Lead, place the `x' on the plot where you want to add the lead network, and then left-click to place it. The Compensator Editor page is updated to include the new lead network in the Dynamics table.

Your Graphical Tuning window and Linear System Analyzer plots should now look similar to these.

Root Locus, Bode, and Step Response Plots for the DC Motor with a Lead Network

The Step Response plot shows that the rise time is now about 0.4 second and peak response is 1.24 rad/s (i.e., the overshoot is about 25%). Although the rise time meets the requirement, the overshoot is still too large, and the stability margins are still unacceptable, so you must tune the lead parameters.

### Moving Compensator Poles and Zeros

To improve the response speed, edit the selected dynamics for the lead network in the Edit Selected Dynamics group box on the Compensator Editor page.

1. Change the value of the lead network zero (Real Zero) to move it closer to the left-most (slowest) pole of the DC motor plant (denoted by a blue `x').

2. Change the value of the lead network pole (Real Pole) to move it to the right. Notice how the gain margin increases (as shown in the Graphical Tuning window) as you do this.

As you tune these parameters, look at the Linear System Analyzer. You will see the closed-loop step response alter with each parameter change you make. The following figure shows the final values for a design that meets the specifications.

Graphical Tuning Window with Final Design Parameters for the DC Motor Compensator

The values for this final design are as follows:

• Poles at 0 and -28

• Zero at -4.3

• Gain = 84

Enter these values directly in the Edit Selected Dynamics group box in the Compensator Editor page, shown as follows (Integrator is already set to 0).

Entering Final Design Parameters on the Compensator Editor Page

The following figure shows the step response for the final compensator design.

Step Response for the Final Compensator Design

In the Linear System Analyzer's right-click menu, select Characteristics > Peak Response and Characteristics > Rise Time to show the peak response and rise time, respectively. Hover the mouse over the blue dots to show the data markers. The step response shows that the rise time is 0.45 second, and the peak amplitude is 1.03 rad/s, or an overshoot of 3%. These results meet the design specifications.

If you know that you have disturbances to your system at a particular frequency, you can use a notch filter to attenuate the gain of the system at that frequency. To add a notch filter, click the Compensator Editor tab to open the Compensator Editor page. Right-click in the Dynamics table and select Add Pole/Zero > Notch, as shown next.

Default values for the filter are supplied, as shown next.

Notch Filter Default Values

The following figure shows the result in the Graphical Tuning window.

Notch Filter Added to the DC Motor Compensator

To see the notch filter parameters in more detail, click the Zoom In

icon on the Graphical Tuning window. In the Open-Loop Bode Editor, press the left mouse button and drag your mouse to draw a box around the notch filter. When you release the mouse, the Graphical Tuning window will zoom in on the selected region.

To understand how adjusting the notch filter parameters affects the filter, consider the notch filter transfer function.

$\frac{{s}^{2}+2{\xi }_{1}{\omega }_{n}s+{\omega }_{n}^{2}}{{s}^{2}+2{\xi }_{2}{\omega }_{n}s+{\omega }_{n}^{2}}$

The three adjustable parameters are ξ1, ξ2, and ωn. The ratio of ξ21 sets the depth of the notch, and ωn is the natural frequency of the notch.

This diagram shows how moving the red ⊗ and black diamonds changes these parameters, and hence the transfer function of the notch filter.

A Close Look at Notch Filter Parameters

In the Dynamics table on the Compensator Editor page, select the row containing the newly added notch filter. The editable fields appear in the Edit Selected Dynamics group box, as shown next.

Editing Notch Filter Parameters

### Modifying a Prefilter

You can use the SISO Design Tool to modify the prefilter in your design. Typical prefilter applications include:

• Achieving (near) feedforward tracking to reduce load on the feedback loop (when stability margins are poor)

• Filtering out high frequency content in the command (reference) signal to limit overshoot or to avoid exciting resonant modes of the plant

A common prefilter is a simple lowpass filter that reduces noise in the input signal.

Open the Bode diagram for the prefilter by opening the right-click menu in the Closed-Loop Bode Editor in the Graphical Tuning window, and then selecting Select Compensators > F(F).

Selecting the Prefilter in the Graphical Tuning Window

For clarity, the previous figure does not show the open-loop Bode diagram for the compensator (C). To remove the Bode diagram from the Graphical Tuning window, go to the SISO Design Task node on the Control and Estimation Tools Manager, click the Graphical Tuning tab, and for Plot 2, Open Loop 1, select Plot type `None`.

Prefilter Bode Diagram

If you haven't imported a prefilter, the default is a unity gain. You can add poles and zeros and adjust the gain using the same methods as you did when designing the compensator (C) on the Compensator Editor page.

A quick way to create a lowpass roll-off filter is to add a pair of complex poles. To do this, first click the Compensator Editor tab and change the compensator to `F`. Right-click in the Dynamics table and select Add Pole/Zero > Complex Pole. Select this line to show the editable parameters in the Edit Selected Dynamics group box. For this example, try to place the poles at about 50 rad/s. The following figure shows the poles added to the prefilter Bode diagram.

Adding a Complex Pair of Poles to the Prefilter Bode Diagram

By default, the damping ratio of the complex pair is 1.0, which means that there are two real-valued poles at about -50 rad/s. The green curve, which represents the prefilter Bode response, shows the -3 dB point for the roll-off is at about 50 rad/s. The magenta curve, which represents the closed-loop response from the prefilter to the plant output, shows that after the -3 dB point, the closed-loop gain rolls off at -40 dB/decade to provide some noise disturbance rejection.

#### Importing a Prefilter

As an alternative approach, you can design a prefilter using the Control System Toolbox™ commands like `ss` or `tf` and then import the design directly into the prefilter. For example, to create the lowpass filter using `zpk`, try

```prefilt=zpk([],[-35 + 35i, -35 - 35i],1) ```

and import `prefilt` by clicking System Data on the Architecture page. This opens the System Data dialog box. Click Browse to open the Model Import dialog box, as shown next.

Importing a Prefilter

Select `prefilt` from the Available Models list and click Import to import the prefilter model. Click Close to close the Import Model dialog box. After you have imported the prefilter model, you can modify it using the same methods as described in this chapter for compensator design.