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# Documentation

## Constructing and Working with B-form Splines

### Construction of B-form

Usually, a spline is constructed from some information, like function values and/or derivative values, or as the approximate solution of some ordinary differential equation. But it is also possible to make up a spline from scratch, by providing its knot sequence and its coefficient sequence to the command spmak.

For example, if you enter

```sp = spmak(1:10,3:8);
```

you supply the uniform knot sequence 1:10 and the coefficient sequence 3:8. Because there are 10 knots and 6 coefficients, the order must be 4(= 10 – 6), i.e., you get a cubic spline. The command

```fnbrk(sp)
```

prints out the constituent parts of the B-form of this cubic spline, as follows:

```knots(1:n+k)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
coefficients(d,n)
3 4 5 6 7 8
number n of coefficients
6
order k
4
dimension d of target
1
```

Further, fnbrk can be used to supply each of these parts separately.

But the point of the Curve Fitting Toolbox™ spline functionality is that there shouldn't be any need for you to look up these details. You simply use sp as an argument to commands that evaluate, differentiate, integrate, convert, or plot the spline whose description is contained in sp.

### Working With B-form Splines

The following commands are available for spline work. There is spmak and fnbrk to make up a spline and take it apart again. Use fn2fm to convert from B-form to ppform. You can evaluate, differentiate, integrate, minimize, find zeros of, plot, refine, or selectively extrapolate a spline with the aid of fnval, fnder, fndir, fnint, fnmin, fnzeros, fnplt, fnrfn, and fnxtr.

There are five commands for generating knot sequences:

• augknt for providing boundary knots and also controlling the multiplicity of interior knots

• brk2knt for supplying a knot sequence with specified multiplicities

• aptknt for providing a knot sequence for a spline space of given order that is suitable for interpolation at given data sites

• optknt for providing an optimal knot sequence for interpolation at given sites

• newknt for a knot sequence perhaps more suitable for the function to be approximated

• aveknt to supply certain knot averages (the Greville sites) as recommended sites for interpolation

• chbpnt to supply such sites

• knt2brk and knt2mlt for extracting the breaks and/or their multiplicities from a given knot sequence

To display a spline curve with given two-dimensional coefficient sequence and a uniform knot sequence, use spcrv.

You can also write your own spline construction commands, in which case you will need to know the following. The construction of a spline satisfying some interpolation or approximation conditions usually requires a collocation matrix, i.e., the matrix that, in each row, contains the sequence of numbers DrBj,k(τ), i.e., the rth derivative at τ of the jth B-spline, for all j, for some r and some site τ. Such a matrix is provided by spcol. An optional argument allows for this matrix to be supplied by spcol in a space-saving spline-almost-block-diagonal-form or as a MATLAB® sparse matrix. It can be fed to slvblk, a command for solving linear systems with an almost-block-diagonal coefficient matrix. If you are interested in seeing how spcol and slvblk are used in this toolbox, have a look at the commands spapi, spap2, and spaps.

In addition, there are routines for constructing cubic splines. csapi and csape provide the cubic spline interpolant at knots to given data, using the not-a-knot and various other end conditions, respectively. A parametric cubic spline curve through given points is provided by cscvn. The cubic smoothing spline is constructed in csaps.

### Example: B-form Spline Approximation to a Circle

As another simple example,

```points = .95*[0 -1 0 1;1 0 -1 0];
sp = spmak(-4:8,[points points]);
```

provides a planar, quartic, spline curve whose middle part is a pretty good approximation to a circle, as the plot on the next page shows. It is generated by a subsequent

```plot(points(1,:),points(2,:),'x'), hold on
fnplt(sp,[0,4]), axis equal square, hold off
```

Insertion of additional control points $\left(±0.95,±0.95\right)/\sqrt{1.9}$ would make a visually perfect circle.

Here are more details. The spline curve generated has the form Σ8j=1Bj,5a(:, j), with -4:8 the uniform knot sequence, and with its control points a(:,j) the sequence (0,α),(–α,0),(0,–α),(α,0),(0,α),(–α,0),(0,–α),(α,0) with α=0.95. Only the curve part between the parameter values 0 and 4 is actually plotted.

To get a feeling for how close to circular this part of the curve actually is, compute its unsigned curvature. The curvature κ(t) at the curve point γ(t) = (x(t), y(t)) of a space curve γ can be computed from the formula

$\kappa =\frac{|x\text{'}y\text{'}\text{'}-y\text{'}x\text{'}\text{'}|}{{\left(x{\text{'}}^{2}+y{\text{'}}^{2}\right)}^{3/2}}$

in which x', x″, y', and y" are the first and second derivatives of the curve with respect to the parameter used (t). Treat the planar curve as a space curve in the (x,y)-plane, hence obtain the maximum and minimum of its curvature at 21 points as follows:

```t = linspace(0,4,21);zt = zeros(size(t));
dsp = fnder(sp); dspt = fnval(dsp,t); ddspt = fnval(fnder(dsp),t);
kappa = abs(dspt(1,:).*ddspt(2,:)-dspt(2,:).*ddspt(1,:))./...
(sum(dspt.^2)).^(3/2);
[min(kappa),max(kappa)]

ans =
1.6747    1.8611
```

So, while the curvature is not quite constant, it is close to 1/radius of the circle, as you see from the next calculation:

```1/norm(fnval(sp,0))

ans =
1.7864
```

Spline Approximation to a Circle; Control Points Are Marked x