# Documentation

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# fncmb

Arithmetic with function(s)

## Syntax

`fn = fncmb(function,operation)f = fncmb(function,function) fncmb(function,matrix,function) fncmb(function,matrix,function,matrix) f = fncmb(function,op,function) `

## Description

The intent is to make it easy to carry out the standard linear operations of scaling and adding within a spline space without having to deal explicitly with the relevant parts of the function(s) involved.

`fn = fncmb(function,operation)` returns (a description of) the function obtained by applying to the values of the function in `function` the operation specified by `operation`. The nature of the operation depends on whether `operation` is a scalar, a vector, a matrix, or a character vector, as follows.

 `Scalar` Multiply the function by that scalar. `Vector` Add that vector to the function's values; this requires the function to be vector-valued. `Matrix` Apply that matrix to the function's coefficients. `Character array` Apply the function specified by that character vector to the function's coefficients.

The remaining options only work for univariate functions. See Limitations for more information.

`f = fncmb(function,function) ` returns (a description of) the pointwise sum of the two functions. The two functions must be of the same form. This particular case of just two input arguments is not included in the above table since it only works for univariate functions.

`fncmb(function,matrix,function) ` is the same as `fncmb(fncmb(function,matrix),function)`.

`fncmb(function,matrix,function,matrix) ` is the same as `fncmb((fncmb(function,matrix),fncmb(function,matrix)))`.

`f = fncmb(function,op,function) ` returns the ppform of the spline obtained by the pointwise combining of the two functions, as specified by the character vector `op`. ```op can be ```one of the character vectors `'+'`, `'-'`, `'*'`. If the second function is to be a constant, it is sufficient simply to supply here that constant.

## Examples

`fncmb(fn,3.5)` multiplies (the coefficients of) the function in `fn` by 3.5.

`fncmb(f,3,g,-4)` returns the linear combination, with weights 3 and –4, of the function in `f` and the function in `g`.

`fncmb(f,3,g)` adds 3 times the function in `f` to the function in `g`.

If the function f in `f` happens to be scalar-valued, then `f3=fncmb(f,[1;2;3])`contains the description of the function whose value at x is the 3-vector (f(x), 2f(x), 3f(x)). Note that, by the convention throughout this toolbox, the subsequent statement fnval(f3, x) returns a 1-column-matrix.

If `f` describes a surface in R3, i.e., the function in `f` is 3-vector-valued bivariate, then `f2 = fncmb(f,[1 0 0;0 0 1])` describes the projection of that surface to the (x, z)-plane.

The following commands produce the picture of a ... spirochete?

```c = rsmak('circle'); fnplt(fncmb(c,diag([1.5,1]))); axis equal, hold on sc = fncmb(c,.4); fnplt(fncmb(sc,-[.2;-.5])) fnplt(fncmb(sc,-[.2,-.5])) hold off, axis off ```

If `t` is a knot sequence of length `n+k` and `a` is a matrix with `n` columns, then `fncmb(spmak(t,eye(n)),a)` is the same as `spmak(t,a)`.

`fncmb(spmak([0:4],1),'+',ppmak([-1 5],[1 -1]))` is the piecewise-polynomial with breaks -`1:5` that, on the interval [0 .. 4], agrees with the function x|→ B(x|0,1,2,3,4) + x (but has no active break at 0 or 1, hence differs from this function outside the interval [0 .. 4]).

`fncmb(spmak([0:4],1),'-',0)` has the same effect as `fn2fm(spmak([0:4],1),'pp')`.

Assuming that `sp` describes the B-form of a spline of order <`k`, the output of

``` fn2fm(fncmb(sp,'+',ppmak(fnbrk(sp,'interv'),zeros(1,k))),'B-') ```

describes the B-form of the same spline, but with its order raised to `k`.

## Limitations

`fncmb` only works for univariate functions, except for the case `fncmb(function,operation)`, i.e., when there is just one function in the input.

Further, if two functions are involved, then they must be of the same type. This means that they must either both be in B-form or both be in ppform, and, moreover, have the same knots or breaks, the same order, and the same target. The only exception to this is the command of the form `fncmb(function,op,function)`.

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### Algorithms

The coefficients are extracted (via `fnbrk`) and operated on by the specified matrix or operation (and, possibly, added), then recombined with the rest of the function description (via `ppmak`, `spmak,rpmak,rsmak,stmak`). To be sure, when the function is rational, the matrix is only applied to the coefficients of the numerator. Again, if we are to translate the function values by a given vector and the function is in ppform, then only the coefficients corresponding to constant terms are so translated.

If there are two functions input, then they must be of the same type (see Limitations, below) except for the following.

`fncmb(f1,op,f2)` returns the ppform of the function

with `op` one of `'+', '-'`,` '*'`, and `f1`, `f2` of arbitrary polynomial form. If, in addition, `f2` is a scalar or vector, it is taken to be the function that is constantly equal to that scalar or vector.