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Two-Channel Analysis Subband Filter

Decompose signal into high-frequency and low-frequency subbands

Library

Filtering / Multirate Filters

`dspmlti4`

Description

The Two-Channel Analysis Subband Filter block decomposes the input into high-frequency and low-frequency subbands, each with half the bandwidth and half the sample rate of the input.

The block filters the input with a pair of highpass and lowpass FIR filters, and then downsamples the results by 2, as illustrated in the following figure.

The block implements the FIR filtering and downsampling steps together using a polyphase filter structure, which is more efficient than the straightforward filter-then-decimate algorithm shown in the preceding figure. Each subband is the first phase of the respective polyphase filter. You can implement a multilevel dyadic analysis filter bank by connecting multiple copies of this block or by using the Dyadic Analysis Filter Bank block. See Creating Multilevel Dyadic Analysis Filter Banks for more information.

You must provide a vector of filter coefficients for the lowpass and highpass FIR filters. Each filter should be a half-band filter that passes the frequency band that the other filter stops.

Specifying the FIR Filters

You must provide the vector of numerator coefficients for the lowpass and highpass filters in the Lowpass FIR filter coefficients and Highpass FIR filter coefficients parameters.

For example, to specify a filter with the following transfer function, enter the vector `[b(1) b(2) ... b(m)]`.

`$H\left(z\right)=B\left(z\right)={b}_{1}+{b}_{2}{z}^{-1}+\dots +{b}_{m}{z}^{-\left(m-1\right)}$`

Each filter should be a half-band filter that passes the frequency band that the other filter stops. You can use the Two-Channel Synthesis Subband Filter block to reconstruct the input to this block. To do so, you must design perfect reconstruction filters to use in the synthesis subband filter.

The best way to design perfect reconstruction filters is to use the Wavelet Toolbox™ `wfilters` function in to design both the filters both in this block and in the Two-Channel Synthesis Subband Filter block. You can also use other DSP System Toolbox™ and Signal Processing Toolbox™ functions. To learn how to design your own perfect reconstruction filters, see References.

The Two-Channel Analysis Subband Filter block initializes all filter states to zero.

Frame-Based Processing

When you set the Input processing parameter to `Columns as channels (frame based)`, the block accepts an M-by-N matrix. The block treats each column of the input as the high- or low-frequency subbands of the corresponding output channel. You can use the Rate options parameter to specify how the block resamples the input:

• When you set the Rate options parameter to `Enforce single-rate processing`, the input to the block can be an M-by-N matrix, where M is a multiple of two. The block treats each column of the input as an independent channel and decomposes each channel over time. The block outputs two matrices, where each column of the output is the high- or low-frequency subband of the corresponding input column. To maintain the input sample rate, the block decreases the output frame size by a factor of two.

• When you set the Rate options parameter to `Allow multirate processing`, the block treats an Mi-by-N matrix input as N independent channels and decomposes each channel over time. The block outputs two M-by-N matrices, where each column of the output is the high- or low-frequency subband of the corresponding input column. The input and output frame sizes are the same, but the frame rate of the output is half that of the input. Thus, the overall sample rate of the output is half that of the input.

In this mode, the block has one frame of latency, as described in the Latency section.

Sample-Based Processing

When you set the Input processing parameter to `Elements as channels (sample based)`, the block treats an M-by-N matrix input as M · N independent channels. The block decomposes each channel over time and outputs two M-by-N matrices whose sample rates are half the input sample rate. Each element in the output matrix is the high- or low-frequency subband output of the corresponding element of the input matrix.

Depending on the setting of your Simulink® configuration parameters, the output may have one sample of latency, as described in the Latency section.

Latency

When you set the Input processing parameter to `Columns as channels (frame based)` and the Rate options parameter to ```Enforce single-rate processing```, the Two-Channel Analysis Subband Filter block always has zero-tasking latency. Zero-tasking latency means that the block propagates the first input sample (received at time t=`0`) as the first output sample.

When you set the Rate options parameter to `Allow multirate processing`, the Two-Channel Analysis Subband Filter block may exhibit latency. The amount of latency depends on the setting of the Input processing parameter of this block, and the setting of the Simulink Treat each discrete rate as a separate task configuration parameter. The following table summarizes the conditions that produce latency when the block is performing multirate processing.

Input processingTreat each discrete rate as a separate taskLatency

```Elements as channels (sample based)```

`Off`

None.

`On`

One sample. The first output sample in each channel always has a value of `0`.

`Columns as channels (frame based)`

`On` or `Off`

One frame. All samples in the first output frame have a value of `0`.

Creating Multilevel Dyadic Analysis Filter Banks

The Two-Channel Analysis Subband Filter block is the basic unit of a dyadic analysis filter bank. You can connect several of these blocks to implement an n-level filter bank, as illustrated in the following figure. For a review of dyadic analysis filter banks, see the Dyadic Analysis Filter Bank block reference page.

When you create a filter bank by connecting multiple copies of this block, the output values of the filter bank differ depending on whether there is latency. Though the output values differ, both sets of values are valid; the difference arises from changes in latency. See the Latency section for more information about when latency can occur in the Two-Channel Analysis Subband Filter block.

In some cases, rather than connecting several Two-Channel Analysis Subband Filter blocks, you can use the Dyadic Analysis Filter Bank block, which is faster and requires less memory. In particular, the Dyadic Analysis Filter Bank block is more efficient under the following conditions:

• The frame size of the signal you are decomposing is a multiple of 2n.

• You are decomposing the signal into n+`1` or 2n subbands.

In all other cases, use Two-Channel Analysis Subband Filter blocks to implement your filter banks.

The Dyadic Analysis Filter Bank block allows you to specify the filter bank filters by providing vectors of filter coefficients, just as this block does. The Dyadic Analysis Filter Bank block provides an additional option of using wavelet-based filters that the block designs by using a wavelet you specify.

Fixed-Point Data Types

The Two-Channel Analysis Subband Filter Bank block is composed of two FIR Decimation blocks as shown in the following diagram.

For fixed-point signals, you can set the coefficient, product output, accumulator, and output data types of the FIR Decimation blocks as discussed in Dialog Box. For a diagram showing the usage of these data types, see the FIR Decimation block reference page.

Dialog Box

The Main pane of the Two-Channel Analysis Subband Filter block dialog appears as follows.

Lowpass FIR filter coefficients

Specify a vector of lowpass FIR filter coefficients, in descending powers of z. The lowpass filter should be a half-band filter that passes the frequency band stopped by the filter specified in the Highpass FIR filter coefficients parameter. The default values of this parameter specify a filter based on a third-order Daubechies wavelet. When you use the Two-Channel Synthesis Subband Filter block to reconstruct the input to this block, you need to design perfect reconstruction filters to use in the synthesis subband filter. For more information, see Specifying the FIR Filters.

Highpass FIR filter coefficients

Specify a vector of highpass FIR filter coefficients, in descending powers of z. The highpass filter should be a half-band filter that passes the frequency band stopped by the filter specified in the Lowpass FIR filter coefficients parameter. The default values of this parameter specify a filter based on a third-order Daubechies wavelet. When you use the Two-Channel Synthesis Subband Filter block to reconstruct the input to this block, you need to design perfect reconstruction filters to use in the synthesis subband filter. For more information, see Specifying the FIR Filters.

Input processing

Specify how the block should process the input. You can set this parameter to one of the following options:

• `Columns as channels (frame based)` (default) — When you select this option, the block treats each column of the input as a separate channel.

• `Elements as channels (sample based)` — When you select this option, the block treats each element of the input as a separate channel.

Rate options

Specify the rate processing rule for the block. You can set this parameter to one of the following options:

• `Enforce single-rate processing` — When you select this option, the block treats each column of the input as an independent channel and decomposes each channel over time. The output has the same sample rate as the input, but the output frame size is half that of the input frame size. To select this option, you must set the Input processing parameter to ```Columns as channels (frame based)```.

• `Allow multirate processing` — When you select this option, the input and output of the block are the same size, but the sample rate of the output is half that of the input.

Some settings of this parameter cause the block to have nonzero latency. See Latency for more information.

The Data Types pane of the Two-Channel Analysis Subband Filter block dialog appears as follows.

Rounding mode

Select the rounding mode for fixed-point operations. The filter coefficients do not obey this parameter; they are always rounded to `Nearest`.

 Note:   The Rounding mode and Saturate on integer overflow settings have no effect on numerical results when all the following conditions exist:Product output data type is ```Inherit: Inherit via internal rule```Accumulator data type is ```Inherit: Inherit via internal rule```Output data type is ```Inherit: Same as accumulator```With these data type settings, the block is effectively operating in full precision mode.
Saturate on integer overflow

When you select this check box, the block saturates the result of its fixed-point operation. When you clear this check box, the block wraps the result of its fixed-point operation. By default, this check box is cleared. For details on `saturate` and `wrap`, see overflow mode for fixed-point operations. The filter coefficients do not obey this parameter; they are always saturated.

Coefficients data type

Specify the coefficients data type. See Fixed-Point Data Types and Multiplication Data Types for illustrations depicting the use of the coefficients data type in this block. You can set it to:

• A rule that inherits a data type, for example, ```Inherit: Same word length as input```

• An expression that evaluates to a valid data type, for example, `fixdt(1,16,0)`

Click the Show data type assistant button to display the Data Type Assistant, which helps you set the Coefficients data type parameter.

Coefficients Minimum

Specify the minimum value of the filter coefficients. The default value is `[]` (unspecified). Simulink software uses this value to perform:

• Automatic scaling of fixed-point data types

Coefficients Maximum

Specify the maximum value of the filter coefficients. The default value is `[]` (unspecified). Simulink software uses this value to perform:

• Automatic scaling of fixed-point data types

Product output data type

Specify the product output data type. See Fixed-Point Data Types and Multiplication Data Types for illustrations depicting the use of the product output data type in this block. You can set it to:

• A rule that inherits a data type, for example, ```Inherit: Inherit via internal rule```. For more information on this rule, see Inherit via Internal Rule.

 Note   The actual product output word length may be equal to or greater than the calculated ideal product output word length, depending on the settings on the Hardware Implementation pane of the Configuration Parameters dialog box.
• An expression that evaluates to a valid data type, for example, `fixdt(1,16,0)`

Click the Show data type assistant button to display the Data Type Assistant, which helps you set the Product output data type parameter.

Accumulator data type

Specify the accumulator data type. See Fixed-Point Data Types for illustrations depicting the use of the accumulator data type in this block. You can set this parameter to:

• A rule that inherits a data type, for example, ```Inherit: Inherit via internal rule```. For more information on this rule, see Inherit via Internal Rule.

• An expression that evaluates to a valid data type, for example, `fixdt(1,16,0)`

Click the Show data type assistant button to display the Data Type Assistant, which helps you set the Accumulator data type parameter.

Output data type

Specify the output data type. See Fixed-Point Data Types for illustrations depicting the use of the output data type in this block. You can set it to:

• A rule that inherits a data type, for example, ```Inherit: Same as accumulator```

• An expression that evaluates to a valid data type, for example, `fixdt(1,16,0)`

Click the Show data type assistant button to display the Data Type Assistant, which helps you set the Output data type parameter.

Output Minimum

Specify the minimum value that the block should output. The default value is `[]` (unspecified). Simulink software uses this value to perform:

• Simulation range checking (see Signal Ranges)

• Automatic scaling of fixed-point data types

Output Maximum

Specify the maximum value that the block should output. The default value is `[]` (unspecified). Simulink software uses this value to perform:

• Simulation range checking (see Signal Ranges)

• Automatic scaling of fixed-point data types

Lock data type settings against changes by the fixed-point tools

Select this parameter to prevent the fixed-point tools from overriding the data types you specify on the block mask.

References

Fliege, N. J. Multirate Digital Signal Processing: Multirate Systems, Filter Banks, Wavelets. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, 1994.

Strang, G. and T. Nguyen. Wavelets and Filter Banks. Wellesley, MA: Wellesley-Cambridge Press, 1996.

Vaidyanathan, P. P. Multirate Systems and Filter Banks. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993.

Supported Data Types

• Double-precision floating point

• Single-precision floating point

• Fixed point (signed only)

• 8-, 16-, and 32-bit signed integers

 DWT DSP System Toolbox Dyadic Analysis Filter Bank DSP System Toolbox FIR Decimation DSP System Toolbox IDWT DSP System Toolbox Two-Channel Synthesis Subband Filter DSP System Toolbox `fir1` Signal Processing Toolbox `fir2` Signal Processing Toolbox `firls` Signal Processing Toolbox `wfilters` Wavelet Toolbox