# Documentation

### This is machine translation

Translated by
Mouseover text to see original. Click the button below to return to the English verison of the page.

# procestOptions

Options set for procest

## Syntax

opt = procestOptions
opt = procestOptions(Name,Value)

## Description

opt = procestOptions creates the default options set for procest.

opt = procestOptions(Name,Value) creates an option set with the options specified by one or more Name,Value pair arguments.

## Input Arguments

collapse all

### Name-Value Pair Arguments

Specify optional comma-separated pairs of Name,Value arguments. Name is the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. Name must appear inside single quotes (' '). You can specify several name and value pair arguments in any order as Name1,Value1,...,NameN,ValueN.

collapse all

Handling of initial conditions during estimation, specified as one of the following values:

• 'zero' — The initial condition is set to zero.

• 'estimate' — The initial condition is treated as an independent estimation parameter.

• 'backcast' — The initial condition is estimated using the best least squares fit.

• 'auto' — The software chooses the method to handle initial condition based on the estimation data.

Handling of additive noise (H) during estimation for the model

$y=G\left(s\right)u+H\left(s\right)e$

e is white noise, u is the input and y is the output.

H(s) is stored in the NoiseTF property of the numerator and denominator of idproc models.

DisturbanceModel is specified as one of the following values:

• 'none'H is fixed to one.

• 'estimate'H is treated as an estimation parameter. The software uses the value of the NoiseTF property as the initial guess.

• 'ARMA1' — The software estimates H as a first-order ARMA model

$\frac{1+cs}{1+ds}$

• 'ARMA2' — The software estimates H as a second-order ARMA model

$\frac{1+{c}_{1}s+{c}_{2}{s}^{2}}{1+{d}_{1}s+{d}_{2}{s}^{2}}$

• 'fixed' — The software fixes the value of the NoiseTF property of the idproc model as the value of H.

 Note:   A noise model cannot be estimated using frequency domain data.

Error to be minimized in the loss function during estimation, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Focus' and one of the following values:

• 'prediction' — The one-step ahead prediction error between measured and predicted outputs is minimized during estimation. As a result, the estimation focuses on producing a good predictor model.

• 'simulation' — The simulation error between measured and simulated outputs is minimized during estimation. As a result, the estimation focuses on making a good fit for simulation of model response with the current inputs.

The Focus option can be interpreted as a weighting filter in the loss function. For more information, see Loss Function and Model Quality Metrics.

Weighting prefilter applied to the loss function to be minimized during estimation. To understand the effect of WeightingFilter on the loss function, see Loss Function and Model Quality Metrics.

Specify WeightingFilter as one of the following values:

• [] — No weighting prefilter is used.

• Passbands — Specify a row vector or matrix containing frequency values that define desired passbands. You select a frequency band where the fit between estimated model and estimation data is optimized. For example, [wl,wh] where wl and wh represent lower and upper limits of a passband. For a matrix with several rows defining frequency passbands, [w1l,w1h;w2l,w2h;w3l,w3h;...], the estimation algorithm uses the union of the frequency ranges to define the estimation passband.

Passbands are expressed in rad/TimeUnit for time-domain data and in FrequencyUnit for frequency-domain data, where TimeUnit and FrequencyUnit are the time and frequency units of the estimation data.

• SISO filter — Specify a single-input-single-output (SISO) linear filter in one of the following ways:

• A SISO LTI model

• {A,B,C,D} format, which specifies the state-space matrices of a filter with the same sample time as estimation data.

• {numerator,denominator} format, which specifies the numerator and denominator of the filter as a transfer function with same sample time as estimation data.

This option calculates the weighting function as a product of the filter and the input spectrum to estimate the transfer function.

• Weighting vector — Applicable for frequency-domain data only. Specify a column vector of weights. This vector must have the same length as the frequency vector of the data set, Data.Frequency. Each input and output response in the data is multiplied by the corresponding weight at that frequency.

Controls whether parameter covariance data is generated, specified as true or false.

If EstCovar is true, then use getcov to fetch the covariance matrix from the estimated model.

Specify whether to display the estimation progress, specified as one of the following values:

• 'on' — Information on model structure and estimation results are displayed in a progress-viewer window.

• 'off' — No progress or results information is displayed.

Removal of offset from time-domain input data during estimation, specified as one of the following values:

• 'estimate' — The software treats the input offsets as an estimation parameter.

• 'auto' — The software chooses the method to handle input offsets based on the estimation data and the model structure. The estimation either assumes zero input offset or estimates the input offset.

For example, the software estimates the input offset for a model that contains an integrator.

• A column vector of length Nu, where Nu is the number of inputs.

Use [] to specify no offsets.

In case of multi-experiment data, specify InputOffset as a Nu-by-Ne matrix. Nu is the number of inputs, and Ne is the number of experiments.

Each entry specified by InputOffset is subtracted from the corresponding input data.

• A parameter object, constructed using param.Continuous, that imposes constraints on how the software estimates the input offset.

For example, create a parameter object for a 2-input model estimation. Specify the first input offset as fixed to zero and the second input offset as an estimation parameter.

opt = procestOptions;
u0 = param.Continuous('u0',[0;NaN]);
u0.Free(1) = false;
opt.Inputoffset = u0;

Removal of offset from time-domain output data during estimation, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'OutputOffset' and one of the following:

• A column vector of length Ny, where Ny is the number of outputs.

• [] — Indicates no offset.

• Ny-by-Ne matrix — For multi-experiment data, specify OutputOffset as a Ny-by-Ne matrix. Ny is the number of outputs, and Ne is the number of experiments.

Each entry specified by OutputOffset is subtracted from the corresponding output data.

Weighting of prediction errors in multi-output estimations, specified as one of the following values:

• 'noise' — Minimize $\mathrm{det}\left(E\text{'}*E/N\right)$, where E represents the prediction error and N is the number of data samples. This choice is optimal in a statistical sense and leads to maximum likelihood estimates if nothing is known about the variance of the noise. It uses the inverse of the estimated noise variance as the weighting function.

 Note:   OutputWeight must not be 'noise' if SearchMethod is 'lsqnonlin'.
• Positive semidefinite symmetric matrix (W) — Minimize the trace of the weighted prediction error matrix trace(E'*E*W/N) where:

• E is the matrix of prediction errors, with one column for each output, and W is the positive semidefinite symmetric matrix of size equal to the number of outputs. Use W to specify the relative importance of outputs in multiple-output models, or the reliability of corresponding data.

• N is the number of data samples.

• [] — The software chooses between the 'noise' or using the identity matrix for W.

This option is relevant for only multi-output models.

Options for regularized estimation of model parameters. For more information on regularization, see Regularized Estimates of Model Parameters.

Regularization is a structure with the following fields:

• Lambda — Constant that determines the bias versus variance tradeoff.

Specify a positive scalar to add the regularization term to the estimation cost.

The default value of zero implies no regularization.

Default: 0

• R — Weighting matrix.

Specify a vector of nonnegative numbers or a square positive semi-definite matrix. The length must be equal to the number of free parameters of the model.

For black-box models, using the default value is recommended. For structured and grey-box models, you can also specify a vector of np positive numbers such that each entry denotes the confidence in the value of the associated parameter.

The default value of 1 implies a value of eye(npfree), where npfree is the number of free parameters.

Default: 1

• Nominal — The nominal value towards which the free parameters are pulled during estimation.

The default value of zero implies that the parameter values are pulled towards zero. If you are refining a model, you can set the value to 'model' to pull the parameters towards the parameter values of the initial model. The initial parameter values must be finite for this setting to work.

Default: 0

Numerical search method used for iterative parameter estimation, specified as one of the following values:

• 'gn' — The subspace Gauss-Newton direction. Singular values of the Jacobian matrix less than GnPinvConst*eps*max(size(J))*norm(J) are discarded when computing the search direction. J is the Jacobian matrix. The Hessian matrix is approximated by JTJ. If there is no improvement in this direction, the function tries the gradient direction.

• 'gna' — An adaptive version of subspace Gauss-Newton approach, suggested by Wills and Ninness [2]. Eigenvalues less than gamma*max(sv) of the Hessian are ignored, where sv are the singular values of the Hessian. The Gauss-Newton direction is computed in the remaining subspace. gamma has the initial value InitGnaTol (see Advanced for more information). gamma is increased by the factor LMStep each time the search fails to find a lower value of the criterion in less than 5 bisections. gamma is decreased by a factor of 2*LMStep each time a search is successful without any bisections.

• 'lm' — Uses the Levenberg-Marquardt method so that the next parameter value is -pinv(H+d*I)*grad from the previous one, where H is the Hessian, I is the identity matrix, and grad is the gradient. d is a number that is increased until a lower value of the criterion is found.

• 'lsqnonlin' — Uses lsqnonlin optimizer from Optimization Toolbox™ software. This search method can handle only the Trace criterion.

• 'auto' — The algorithm chooses one of the preceding options. The descent direction is calculated using 'gn', 'gna', 'lm', and 'grad' successively at each iteration. The iterations continue until a sufficient reduction in error is achieved.

Option set for the search algorithm with fields that depend on the value of SearchMethod.

Advanced is a structure with the following fields:

• ErrorThreshold — Specifies when to adjust the weight of large errors from quadratic to linear.

Errors larger than ErrorThreshold times the estimated standard deviation have a linear weight in the loss function. The standard deviation is estimated robustly as the median of the absolute deviations from the median of the prediction errors, divided by 0.7. For more information on robust norm choices, see section 15.2 of [1].

ErrorThreshold = 0 disables robustification and leads to a purely quadratic loss function. When estimating with frequency-domain data, the software sets ErrorThreshold to zero. For time-domain data that contains outliers, try setting ErrorThreshold to 1.6.

Default: 0

• MaxSize — Specifies the maximum number of elements in a segment when input-output data is split into segments.

MaxSize must be a positive integer.

Default: 250000

• StabilityThreshold — Specifies thresholds for stability tests.

StabilityThreshold is a structure with the following fields:

• s — Specifies the location of the right-most pole to test the stability of continuous-time models. A model is considered stable when its right-most pole is to the left of s.

Default: 0

• z — Specifies the maximum distance of all poles from the origin to test stability of discrete-time models. A model is considered stable if all poles are within the distance z from the origin.

Default: 1+sqrt(eps)

• AutoInitThreshold — Specifies when to automatically estimate the initial condition.

The initial condition is estimated when

$\frac{‖{y}_{p,z}-{y}_{meas}‖}{‖{y}_{p,e}-{y}_{meas}‖}>\text{AutoInitThreshold}$

• ymeas is the measured output.

• yp,z is the predicted output of a model estimated using zero initial states.

• yp,e is the predicted output of a model estimated using estimated initial states.

Applicable when InitialCondition is 'auto'.

Default: 1.05

## Output Arguments

collapse all

Option set for procest, returned as a procestOptions option set.

## Examples

collapse all

opt = procestOptions;

Create an option set for procest setting Focus to 'simulation' and turning on the Display.

opt = procestOptions('Focus','simulation','Display','on');

Alternatively, use dot notation to set the values of opt.

opt = procestOptions;
opt.Focus = 'simulation';
opt.Display = 'on';

## References

[1] Ljung, L. System Identification: Theory for the User. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall PTR, 1999.

[2] Wills, Adrian, B. Ninness, and S. Gibson. "On Gradient-Based Search for Multivariable System Estimates". Proceedings of the 16th IFAC World Congress, Prague, Czech Republic, July 3–8, 2005. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Ltd., 2005.