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# polyeig

Polynomial eigenvalue problem

## Syntax

``e = polyeig(A0,A1,...,Ap)``
``````[X,e] = polyeig(A0,A1,...,Ap)``````
``````[X,e,s] = polyeig(A0,A1,...,Ap)``````

## Description

example

````e = polyeig(A0,A1,...,Ap)` returns the eigenvalues for the polynomial eigenvalue problem of degree `p`.```

example

``````[X,e] = polyeig(A0,A1,...,Ap)``` also returns matrix `X`, of size `n`-by-`n*p`, whose columns are the eigenvectors.```

example

``````[X,e,s] = polyeig(A0,A1,...,Ap)``` additionally returns vector `s`, of length `p*n`, containing condition numbers for the eigenvalues. At least one of `A0` and `Ap` must be nonsingular. Large condition numbers imply that the problem is close to a problem with repeated eigenvalues.```

## Examples

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Solve a quadratic eigenvalue problem involving a mass matrix `M`, damping matrix `C`, and stiffness matrix `K`. This quadratic eigenvalue problem arises from the equation of motion:

``` ```

This equation applies to a broad range of oscillating systems, including a dynamic mass-spring system or RLC electronic network. The fundamental solution is , so both and `x` must solve the quadratic eigenvalue problem (QEP),

``` ```

Create coefficient matrices `M`, `C`, and `K` to represent a mass-spring system with four-degrees-of-freedom. The coefficient matrices are all symmetric and positive semidefinite, and `M` is a diagonal matrix.

`M = diag([3 1 3 1])`
```M = 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 ```
`C = [0.4 0 -0.3 0; 0 0 0 0; -0.3 0 0.5 -0.2; 0 0 -0.2 0.2]`
```C = 0.4000 0 -0.3000 0 0 0 0 0 -0.3000 0 0.5000 -0.2000 0 0 -0.2000 0.2000 ```
`K = [-7 2 4 0; 2 -4 2 0; 4 2 -9 3; 0 0 3 -3]`
```K = -7 2 4 0 2 -4 2 0 4 2 -9 3 0 0 3 -3 ```

Solve the QEP for the eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and condition numbers using `polyeig`.

`[X,e,s] = polyeig(K,C,M)`
```X = 0.1828 -0.3421 0.3989 0.0621 0.3890 -0.4143 -0.4575 0.4563 0.3530 0.9296 0.3330 -0.8571 -0.6366 -0.2717 -0.4981 0.4985 -0.5360 0.0456 -0.1724 0.3509 -0.3423 0.1666 -0.5106 0.5107 0.7448 -0.1295 -0.8368 -0.3720 0.5712 0.8525 -0.5309 0.5315 ```
```e = -2.4498 -2.1536 -1.6248 2.2279 2.0364 1.4752 0.3353 -0.3466 ```
```s = 0.5813 0.8609 1.2232 0.7855 0.7012 1.2922 10.1097 10.0519 ```

Check that the first eigenvalue, `e(1)`, and first eigenvector, `X(:,1)`, satisfy the QEP equation. The result is close to, but not exactly, zero.

```lambda = e(1); x = X(:,1); (M*lambda^2 + C*lambda + K)*x```
```ans = 1.0e-13 * 0.1066 -0.0444 0.0178 -0.0044 ```

## Input Arguments

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Square coefficient matrices, specified as separate arguments. The matrices must all have the same order, `n`.

Data Types: `single` | `double`
Complex Number Support: Yes

## Output Arguments

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Eigenvalues, returned as a vector.

Eigenvectors, returned in the columns of a matrix. The first eigenvector is `X(:,1)`, the second is `X(:,2)`, and so on.

Condition numbers, returned as a vector. The condition numbers in `s` correspond to similarly located eigenvalues in `e`. Large condition numbers indicate that the problem is close to having repeated eigenvalues.

## More About

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### Polynomial Eigenvalue Problem

The polynomial eigenvalue problem is a variant of the standard eigenvalue problem, Ax = λx, but instead involves polynomials rather than linear terms.

As with the standard eigenvalue problem, the solution involves finding the eigenvalues and eigenvectors that satisfy the equation,

`$\left({A}_{0}+\lambda {A}_{1}+\dots +{\lambda }^{P}{A}_{p}\right)x=0\text{\hspace{0.17em}},$`

where the polynomial degree, `p`, is a nonnegative integer, and `A0,A1,...Ap` are square coefficient matrices of order `n`.

The most common form is the quadratic polynomial eigenvalue problem, which is

`$\left({A}_{2}{\lambda }^{2}+{A}_{1}\lambda +{A}_{0}\right)x=0\text{\hspace{0.17em}}.$`

One major difference between the quadratic eigenvalue problem and the standard (or generalized) eigenvalue problem is that there can be up to `2n` eigenvalues with up to `2n` right and left eigenvectors. In cases where there are more than `n` eigenvectors, the eigenvectors do not form a linearly independent set. See [1] and [2] for more detailed information about the quadratic eigenvalue problem.

## Tips

• `polyeig` handles the following simplified cases:

• `p = 0`, or `polyeig(A)`, is the standard eigenvalue problem, `eig(A)`.

• `p = 1`, or `polyeig(A,B)`, is the generalized eigenvalue problem, `eig(A,-B)`.

• `n = 0`, or `polyeig(a0,a1,...,ap)`, is the standard polynomial problem, `roots([ap ... a1 a0])`, where `a0,a1,...,ap` are scalars.

## Algorithms

The `polyeig` function uses the QZ factorization to find intermediate results in the computation of generalized eigenvalues. `polyeig` uses the intermediate results to determine if the eigenvalues are well-determined. See the descriptions of `eig` and `qz` for more information.

The computed solutions might not exist or be unique, and can also be computationally inaccurate. If both `A0` and `Ap` are singular matrices, then the problem might be ill-posed. If only one of `A0` and `Ap` is singular, then some of the eigenvalues might be `0` or `Inf`.

Scaling `A0,A1,...,Ap` to have `norm(Ai)` roughly equal to `1` might increase the accuracy of `polyeig`. In general, however, this improved accuracy is not achievable. (See Tisseur [3] for details).

## References

[1] Dedieu, Jean-Pierre, and Francoise Tisseur. "Perturbation theory for homogeneous polynomial eigenvalue problems." Linear Algebra Appl. Vol. 358, 2003, pp. 71–94.

[2] Tisseur, Francoise, and Karl Meerbergen. "The quadratic eigenvalue problem." SIAM Rev. Vol. 43, Number 2, 2001, pp. 235–286.

[3] Francoise Tisseur. "Backward error and condition of polynomial eigenvalue problems." Linear Algebra Appl. Vol. 309, 2000, pp. 339–361.

## See Also

### Topics

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