# Documentation

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# parabolic

(Not recommended) Solve parabolic PDE problem

Parabolic equation solver

Solves PDE problems of the type

`$d\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}-\nabla \cdot \left(c\nabla u\right)+au=f$`

on a 2-D or 3-D region Ω, or the system PDE problem

`$d\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}-\nabla \cdot \left(c\otimes \nabla u\right)+au=f$`

The variables c, a, f, and d can depend on position, time, and the solution u and its gradient.

`parabolic` is not recommended. Use `solvepde` instead.

## Syntax

``u = parabolic(u0,tlist,model,c,a,f,d)``
``u = parabolic(u0,tlist,b,p,e,t,c,a,f,d)``
``u = parabolic(u0,tlist,Kc,Fc,B,ud,M)``
``u = parabolic(___,rtol)``
``````u = parabolic(___,rtol,atol)``````
``u = parabolic(___,'Stats','off')``

## Description

example

````u = parabolic(u0,tlist,model,c,a,f,d)` produces the solution to the FEM formulation of the scalar PDE problem$d\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}-\nabla \cdot \left(c\nabla u\right)+au=f$on a 2-D or 3-D region Ω, or the system PDE problem $d\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}-\nabla \cdot \left(c\otimes \nabla u\right)+au=f$with geometry, mesh, and boundary conditions specified in `model`, and with initial value `u0`. The variables c, a, f, and d in the equation correspond to the function coefficients `c`, `a`, `f`, and `d` respectively.```

example

````u = parabolic(u0,tlist,b,p,e,t,c,a,f,d)` solves the problem using boundary conditions `b` and finite element mesh specified in `[p,e,t]`.```

example

````u = parabolic(u0,tlist,Kc,Fc,B,ud,M)` solves the problem based on finite element matrices that encode the equation, mesh, and boundary conditions.```
````u = parabolic(___,rtol)` and ```u = parabolic(___,rtol,atol)```, for any of the previous input arguments, modify the solution process by passing to the ODE solver a relative tolerance `rtol`, and optionally an absolute tolerance `atol`.```
````u = parabolic(___,'Stats','off')`, for any of the previous input arguments, turns off the display of internal ODE solver statistics during the solution process.```

## Examples

collapse all

Solve the parabolic equation

on the square domain specified by `squareg`.

Create a PDE model and import the geometry.

```model = createpde; geometryFromEdges(model,@squareg); pdegplot(model,'EdgeLabels','on') ylim([-1.1,1.1]) axis equal```

Set Dirichlet boundary conditions on all edges.

`applyBoundaryCondition(model,'dirichlet','Edge',1:model.Geometry.NumEdges,'u',0);`

Generate a relatively fine mesh.

`generateMesh(model,'Hmax',0.02,'GeometricOrder','linear');`

Set the initial condition to have on the disk and elsewhere.

```p = model.Mesh.Nodes; u0 = zeros(size(p,2),1); ix = find(sqrt(p(1,:).^2 + p(2,:).^2) <= 0.4); u0(ix) = ones(size(ix));```

Set solution times to be from 0 to 0.1 with step size 0.005.

`tlist = linspace(0,0.1,21);`

Create the PDE coefficients.

```c = 1; a = 0; f = 0; d = 1;```

Solve the PDE.

`u = parabolic(u0,tlist,model,c,a,f,d);`
```133 successful steps 0 failed attempts 268 function evaluations 1 partial derivatives 26 LU decompositions 267 solutions of linear systems ```

Plot the initial condition, the solution at the final time, and two intermediate solutions.

```figure subplot(2,2,1) pdeplot(model,'XYData',u(:,1)); axis equal title('t = 0') subplot(2,2,2) pdeplot(model,'XYData',u(:,5)) axis equal title('t = 0.02') subplot(2,2,3) pdeplot(model,'XYData',u(:,11)) axis equal title('t = 0.05') subplot(2,2,4) pdeplot(model,'XYData',u(:,end)) axis equal title('t = 0.1')```

Solve the parabolic equation

on the square domain specified by `squareg`, using a geometry function to specify the geometry, a boundary function to specify the boundary conditions, and using `initmesh` to create the finite element mesh.

Specify the geometry as `@squareg` and plot the geometry.

```g = @squareg; pdegplot(g,'EdgeLabels','on') ylim([-1.1,1.1]) axis equal```

Set Dirichlet boundary conditions on all edges. The `squareb1` function specifies these boundary conditions.

`b = @squareb1;`

Generate a relatively fine mesh.

`[p,e,t] = initmesh(g,'Hmax',0.02);`

Set the initial condition to have on the disk and elsewhere.

```u0 = zeros(size(p,2),1); ix = find(sqrt(p(1,:).^2 + p(2,:).^2) <= 0.4); u0(ix) = ones(size(ix));```

Set solution times to be from 0 to 0.1 with step size 0.005.

`tlist = linspace(0,0.1,21);`

Create the PDE coefficients.

```c = 1; a = 0; f = 0; d = 1;```

Solve the PDE.

`u = parabolic(u0,tlist,b,p,e,t,c,a,f,d);`
```147 successful steps 0 failed attempts 296 function evaluations 1 partial derivatives 28 LU decompositions 295 solutions of linear systems ```

Plot the initial condition, the solution at the final time, and two intermediate solutions.

```figure subplot(2,2,1) pdeplot(p,e,t,'XYData',u(:,1)); axis equal title('t = 0') subplot(2,2,2) pdeplot(p,e,t,'XYData',u(:,5)) axis equal title('t = 0.02') subplot(2,2,3) pdeplot(p,e,t,'XYData',u(:,11)) axis equal title('t = 0.05') subplot(2,2,4) pdeplot(p,e,t,'XYData',u(:,end)) axis equal title('t = 0.1')```

Create finite element matrices that encode a parabolic problem, and solve the problem.

The problem is the evolution of temperature in a conducting block. The block is a rectangular slab.

```model = createpde(1); importGeometry(model,'Block.stl'); handl = pdegplot(model,'FaceLabels','on'); view(-42,24) handl(1).FaceAlpha = 0.5; ```

Faces 1, 4, and 6 of the slab are kept at 0 degrees. The other faces are insulated. Include the boundary condition on faces 1, 4, and 6. You do not need to include the boundary condition on the other faces because the default condition is insulated.

```applyBoundaryCondition(model,'dirichlet','Face',[1,4,6],'u',0); ```

The initial temperature distribution in the block has the form

```generateMesh(model); p = model.Mesh.Nodes; x = p(1,:); y = p(2,:); z = p(3,:); u0 = x.*y.*z*1e-3; ```

The parabolic equation in toolbox syntax is

Suppose the thermal conductivity of the block leads to a coefficient value of 1. The values of the other coefficients in this problem are , , and .

```d = 1; c = 1; a = 0; f = 0; ```

Create the finite element matrices that encode the problem.

```[Kc,Fc,B,ud] = assempde(model,c,a,f); [~,M,~] = assema(model,0,d,f); ```

Solve the problem at time steps of 1 for times ranging from 0 to 40.

```tlist = linspace(0,40,41); u = parabolic(u0,tlist,Kc,Fc,B,ud,M); ```
```35 successful steps 0 failed attempts 72 function evaluations 1 partial derivatives 11 LU decompositions 71 solutions of linear systems ```

Plot the solution on the outside of the block at times 0, 10, 25, and 40. Ensure that the coloring is the same for all plots.

```umin = min(min(u)); umax = max(max(u)); subplot(2,2,1) pdeplot3D(model,'ColorMapData',u(:,1)) colorbar off view(125,22) title 't = 0' caxis([umin umax]); subplot(2,2,2) pdeplot3D(model,'ColorMapData',u(:,11)) colorbar off view(125,22) title 't = 10' caxis([umin umax]); subplot(2,2,3) pdeplot3D(model,'ColorMapData',u(:,26)) colorbar off view(125,22) title 't = 25' caxis([umin umax]); subplot(2,2,4) pdeplot3D(model,'ColorMapData',u(:,41)) colorbar off view(125,22) title 't = 40' caxis([umin umax]); ```

## Input Arguments

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Initial condition, specified as a scalar, vector of nodal values, or text expression. The initial condition is the value of the solution `u` at the initial time, specified as a column vector of values at the nodes. The nodes are either `p` in the `[p,e,t]` data structure, or are `model.Mesh.Nodes`. For details, see Solve PDEs with Initial Conditions.

• If the initial condition is a constant scalar `v`, specify `u0` as `v`.

• If there are `Np` nodes in the mesh, and N equations in the system of PDEs, specify `u0` as a column vector of `Np`*N elements, where the first `Np` elements correspond to the first component of the solution `u`, the second `Np` elements correspond to the second component of the solution `u`, etc.

• Give a text expression of a function, such as ```'x.^2 + 5*cos(x.*y)'```. If you have a system of N > 1 equations, give a text array such as

```char('x.^2 + 5*cos(x.*y)',... 'tanh(x.*y)./(1+z.^2)')```

Example: `x.^2+5*cos(y.*x)`

Data Types: `double` | `char`
Complex Number Support: Yes

Solution times, specified as a real vector. The solver returns the solution to the PDE at the solution times.

Example: `0:0.2:4`

Data Types: `double`

PDE model, specified as a `PDEModel` object.

Example: `model = createpde`

PDE coefficient, specified as a scalar or matrix, as a character array, or as a coefficient function. `c` represents the c coefficient in the scalar PDE

`$d\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}-\nabla \cdot \left(c\nabla u\right)+au=f$`

or in the system of PDEs

`$d\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}-\nabla \cdot \left(c\otimes \nabla u\right)+au=f$`

You can specify`c` in various ways, detailed in c Coefficient for Systems. See also Specify Scalar PDE Coefficients in Character Form, Specify 2-D Scalar Coefficients in Function Form, and Specify 3-D PDE Coefficients in Function Form.

Example: `'cosh(x+y.^2)'`

Data Types: `double` | `char` | `function_handle`
Complex Number Support: Yes

PDE coefficient, specified as a scalar or matrix, as a character array, or as a coefficient function. `a` represents the a coefficient in the scalar PDE

`$d\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}-\nabla \cdot \left(c\nabla u\right)+au=f$`

or in the system of PDEs

`$d\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}-\nabla \cdot \left(c\otimes \nabla u\right)+au=f$`

You can specify`a` in various ways, detailed in a or d Coefficient for Systems. See also Specify Scalar PDE Coefficients in Character Form, Specify 2-D Scalar Coefficients in Function Form, and Specify 3-D PDE Coefficients in Function Form.

Example: `2*eye(3)`

Data Types: `double` | `char` | `function_handle`
Complex Number Support: Yes

PDE coefficient, specified as a scalar or matrix, as a character array, or as a coefficient function. `f` represents the f coefficient in the scalar PDE

`$d\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}-\nabla \cdot \left(c\nabla u\right)+au=f$`

or in the system of PDEs

`$d\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}-\nabla \cdot \left(c\otimes \nabla u\right)+au=f$`

You can specify`f` in various ways, detailed in f Coefficient for Systems. See also Specify Scalar PDE Coefficients in Character Form, Specify 2-D Scalar Coefficients in Function Form, and Specify 3-D PDE Coefficients in Function Form.

Example: `char('sin(x)';'cos(y)';'tan(z)')`

Data Types: `double` | `char` | `function_handle`
Complex Number Support: Yes

PDE coefficient, specified as a scalar or matrix, as a character array, or as a coefficient function. `d` represents the d coefficient in the scalar PDE

`$d\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}-\nabla \cdot \left(c\nabla u\right)+au=f$`

or in the system of PDEs

`$d\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}-\nabla \cdot \left(c\otimes \nabla u\right)+au=f$`

You can specify`d` in various ways, detailed in a or d Coefficient for Systems. See also Specify Scalar PDE Coefficients in Character Form, Specify 2-D Scalar Coefficients in Function Form, and Specify 3-D PDE Coefficients in Function Form.

Example: `2*eye(3)`

Data Types: `double` | `char` | `function_handle`
Complex Number Support: Yes

Boundary conditions, specified as a boundary matrix or boundary file. Pass a boundary file as a function handle or as a file name.

Example: `b = 'circleb1'` or equivalently ```b = @circleb1```

Data Types: `double` | `char` | `function_handle`

Mesh points, specified as a 2-by-`Np` matrix of points, where `Np` is the number of points in the mesh. For a description of the (`p`,`e`,`t`) matrices, see Mesh Data.

Typically, you use the `p`, `e`, and `t` data exported from the PDE Modeler app, or generated by `initmesh` or `refinemesh`.

Example: `[p,e,t] = initmesh(gd)`

Data Types: `double`

Mesh edges, specified as a `7`-by-`Ne` matrix of edges, where `Ne` is the number of edges in the mesh. For a description of the (`p`,`e`,`t`) matrices, see Mesh Data.

Typically, you use the `p`, `e`, and `t` data exported from the PDE Modeler app, or generated by `initmesh` or `refinemesh`.

Example: `[p,e,t] = initmesh(gd)`

Data Types: `double`

Mesh triangles, specified as a `4`-by-`Nt` matrix of triangles, where `Nt` is the number of triangles in the mesh. For a description of the (`p`,`e`,`t`) matrices, see Mesh Data.

Typically, you use the `p`, `e`, and `t` data exported from the PDE Modeler app, or generated by `initmesh` or `refinemesh`.

Example: `[p,e,t] = initmesh(gd)`

Data Types: `double`

Stiffness matrix, specified as a sparse matrix or as a full matrix. See Elliptic Equations. Typically, `Kc` is the output of `assempde`.

Load vector, specified as a vector. See Elliptic Equations. Typically, `Fc` is the output of `assempde`.

Dirichlet nullspace, returned as a sparse matrix. See Algorithms. Typically, `B` is the output of `assempde`.

Dirichlet vector, returned as a vector. See Algorithms. Typically, `ud` is the output of `assempde`.

Mass matrix. specified as a sparse matrix or a full matrix. See Elliptic Equations.

To obtain the input matrices for `pdeeig`, `hyperbolic` or `parabolic`, run both `assema` and `assempde`:

```[Kc,Fc,B,ud] = assempde(model,c,a,f); [~,M,~] = assema(model,0,d,f);```

### Note

Create the `M` matrix using `assema` with `d`, not `a`, as the argument before `f`.

Data Types: `double`
Complex Number Support: Yes

Relative tolerance for ODE solver, specified as a positive real.

Example: `2e-4`

Data Types: `double`

Absolute tolerance for ODE solver, specified as a positive real.

Example: `2e-7`

Data Types: `double`

### Name-Value Pair Arguments

Specify optional comma-separated pairs of `Name,Value` arguments. `Name` is the argument name and `Value` is the corresponding value. `Name` must appear inside single quotes (`' '`). You can specify several name and value pair arguments in any order as `Name1,Value1,...,NameN,ValueN`.

Example: `'Stats','off'`

collapse all

Display ODE solver statistics, specified as `'on'` or `'off'`. Suppress the display by setting `Stats` to `'off'`.

Example: `x = parabolic(u0,tlist,model,c,a,f,d,'Stats','off')`

Data Types: `char`

## Output Arguments

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PDE solution, returned as a matrix. The matrix is `Np`*N-by-`T`, where `Np` is the number of nodes in the mesh, N is the number of equations in the PDE (N = 1 for a scalar PDE), and `T` is the number of solution times, meaning the length of `tlist`. The solution matrix has the following structure.

• The first `Np` elements of each column in `u` represent the solution of equation 1, then next `Np` elements represent the solution of equation 2, etc. The solution `u` is the value at the corresponding node in the mesh.

• Column `i` of `u` represents the solution at time `tlist``(i)`.

To obtain the solution at an arbitrary point in the geometry, use `pdeInterpolant`.

To plot the solution, use `pdeplot` for 2-D geometry, or see Plot 3-D Solutions and Their Gradients.

## Algorithms

`parabolic` internally calls `assema`, `assemb`, and `assempde` to create finite element matrices corresponding to the problem. It calls `ode15s` to solve the resulting system of ordinary differential equations. For details, see Parabolic Equations.