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# pdenonlin

Solve nonlinear elliptic PDE problem

`pdenonlin` is not recommended. Use `solvepde` instead.

## Syntax

• ``u = pdenonlin(model,c,a,f)``
example
• ``u = pdenonlin(b,p,e,t,c,a,f)``
example
• ``u = pdenonlin(___,Name,Value)``
example
• ``````[u,res] = pdenonlin(___)``````

## Description

example

````u = pdenonlin(model,c,a,f)` solves the nonlinear PDE$-\nabla \cdot \left(c\nabla u\right)+au=f$with geometry, boundary conditions, and finite element mesh in `model`, and coefficients `c`, `a`, and `f`. In this context, "nonlinear" means some coefficient in `c`, `a`, or `f` depends on the solution `u` or its gradient. If the PDE is a system of equations (`model.PDESystemSize` > 1), then `pdenonlin` solves the system of equations$-\nabla \cdot \left(c\otimes \nabla u\right)+au=f$```

example

````u = pdenonlin(b,p,e,t,c,a,f)` solves the PDE with boundary conditions `b`, and finite element mesh (`p`,`e`,`t`).```

example

````u = pdenonlin(___,Name,Value)`, for any previous arguments, modifies the solution process with `Name`, `Value` pairs.```
``````[u,res] = pdenonlin(___)``` also returns the norm of the Newton step residuals `res`.```

## Examples

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Solve a minimal surface problem. Because this problem has a nonlinear `c` coefficient, use `pdenonlin` to solve it.

Create a model and include circular geometry using the built-in `circleg` function.

```model = createpde; geometryFromEdges(model,@circleg); ```

Set the coefficients.

```a = 0; f = 0; c = '1./sqrt(1+ux.^2+uy.^2)'; ```

Set a Dirichlet boundary condition with value .

```boundaryfun = @(region,state)region.x.^2; applyBoundaryCondition(model,'edge',1:model.Geometry.NumEdges,... 'u',boundaryfun,'Vectorized','on'); ```

Generate a mesh and solve the problem.

```generateMesh(model,'Hmax',0.1); u = pdenonlin(model,c,a,f); pdeplot(model,'XYData',u,'ZData',u) ```

Solve the minimal surface problem using the legacy approach for creating boundary conditions and geometry.

Create the geometry using the built-in `circleg` function. Plot the geometry to see the edge labels.

```g = @circleg; pdegplot(g,'EdgeLabels','on') axis equal ```

Create Dirichlet boundary conditions with value .Create the following file and save it on your Matlab™ path. For details of this approach, see Boundary Conditions by Writing Functions.

`function [qmatrix,gmatrix,hmatrix,rmatrix] = pdex2bound(p,e,u,time)`
```ne = size(e,2); % number of edges qmatrix = zeros(1,ne); gmatrix = qmatrix; hmatrix = zeros(1,2*ne); rmatrix = hmatrix;```
```for k = 1:ne x1 = p(1,e(1,k)); % x at first point in segment x2 = p(1,e(2,k)); % x at second point in segment xm = (x1 + x2)/2; % x at segment midpoint y1 = p(2,e(1,k)); % y at first point in segment y2 = p(2,e(2,k)); % y at second point in segment ym = (y1 + y2)/2; % y at segment midpoint switch e(5,k) case {1,2,3,4} hmatrix(k) = 1; hmatrix(k+ne) = 1; rmatrix(k) = x1^2; rmatrix(k+ne) = x2^2; end end```

Set the coefficients and boundary conditions.

```a = 0; f = 0; c = '1./sqrt(1+ux.^2+uy.^2)'; b = @pdex2bound; ```

Generate a mesh and solve the problem.

```[p,e,t] = initmesh(g,'Hmax',0.1); u = pdenonlin(b,p,e,t,c,a,f); pdeplot(p,e,t,'XYData',u,'ZData',u) ```

Solve a nonlinear 3-D problem with nontrivial geometry.

Import the geometry from the `BracketWithHole.stl` file. Plot the geometry and face labels.

```model = createpde(); importGeometry(model,'BracketWithHole.stl'); figure pdegplot(model,'FaceLabels','on') view(30,30) title('Bracket with Face Labels') figure pdegplot(model,'FaceLabels','on') view(-134,-32) title('Bracket with Face Labels, Rear View') ```

Set a Dirichlet boundary condition with value 1000 on the back face, which is face 4. Set the large faces 1 and 7, and also the circular face 11, to have Neumann boundary conditions with value `g = -10`. Do not set boundary conditions on the other faces. Those faces default to Neumann boundary conditions with value `g = 0`.

```applyBoundaryCondition(model,'Face',4,'u',1000); applyBoundaryCondition(model,'Face',[1,7,11],'g',-10); ```

Set the `c` coefficient to 1, `f` to 0.1, and `a` to the nonlinear value `'0.1 + 0.001*u.^2'`.

```c = 1; f = 0.1; a = '0.1 + 0.001*u.^2'; ```

Generate the mesh and solve the PDE. Start from the initial guess `u0 = 1000`, which matches the value you set on face 4. Turn on the `Report` option to observe the convergence during the solution.

```generateMesh(model); u = pdenonlin(model,c,a,f,'U0',1000,'Report','on'); ```
```Iteration Residual Step size Jacobian: full 0 3.6247e-01 1 9.9800e-02 1.0000000 2 2.9717e-02 1.0000000 3 8.5756e-03 1.0000000 4 1.8635e-03 1.0000000 5 1.5256e-04 1.0000000 6 1.2428e-06 1.0000000 ```

Plot the solution on the geometry boundary.

```pdeplot3D(model,'ColorMapData',u) ```

## Input Arguments

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PDE model, specified as a `PDEModel` object.

Example: `model = createpde(1)`

PDE coefficient, specified as a scalar or matrix, as a character array, or as a coefficient function. `c` represents the c coefficient in the scalar PDE

`$-\nabla \cdot \left(c\nabla u\right)+au=f$`

or in the system of PDEs

`$-\nabla \cdot \left(c\otimes \nabla u\right)+au=f$`

You can specify`c` in various ways, detailed in c Coefficient for Systems. See also Specify Scalar PDE Coefficients in Character Form, Specify 2-D Scalar Coefficients in Function Form, and Specify 3-D PDE Coefficients in Function Form.

Example: `'cosh(x+y.^2)'`

Data Types: `double` | `char` | `function_handle`
Complex Number Support: Yes

PDE coefficient, specified as a scalar or matrix, as a character array, or as a coefficient function. `a` represents the a coefficient in the scalar PDE

`$-\nabla \cdot \left(c\nabla u\right)+au=f$`

or in the system of PDEs

`$-\nabla \cdot \left(c\otimes \nabla u\right)+au=f$`

You can specify`a` in various ways, detailed in a or d Coefficient for Systems. See also Specify Scalar PDE Coefficients in Character Form, Specify 2-D Scalar Coefficients in Function Form, and Specify 3-D PDE Coefficients in Function Form.

Example: `2*eye(3)`

Data Types: `double` | `char` | `function_handle`
Complex Number Support: Yes

PDE coefficient, specified as a scalar or matrix, as a character array, or as a coefficient function. `f` represents the f coefficient in the scalar PDE

`$-\nabla \cdot \left(c\nabla u\right)+au=f$`

or in the system of PDEs

`$-\nabla \cdot \left(c\otimes \nabla u\right)+au=f$`

You can specify`f` in various ways, detailed in f Coefficient for Systems. See also Specify Scalar PDE Coefficients in Character Form, Specify 2-D Scalar Coefficients in Function Form, and Specify 3-D PDE Coefficients in Function Form.

Example: `char('sin(x)';'cos(y)';'tan(z)')`

Data Types: `double` | `char` | `function_handle`
Complex Number Support: Yes

Boundary conditions, specified as a boundary matrix or boundary file. Pass a boundary file as a function handle or as a file name.

Example: `b = 'circleb1'` or equivalently ```b = @circleb1```

Data Types: `double` | `char` | `function_handle`

Mesh points, specified as a 2-by-`Np` matrix of points, where `Np` is the number of points in the mesh. For a description of the (`p`,`e`,`t`) matrices, see Mesh Data.

Typically, you use the `p`, `e`, and `t` data exported from the PDE app, or generated by `initmesh` or `refinemesh`.

Example: `[p,e,t] = initmesh(gd)`

Data Types: `double`

Mesh edges, specified as a `7`-by-`Ne` matrix of edges, where `Ne` is the number of edges in the mesh. For a description of the (`p`,`e`,`t`) matrices, see Mesh Data.

Typically, you use the `p`, `e`, and `t` data exported from the PDE app, or generated by `initmesh` or `refinemesh`.

Example: `[p,e,t] = initmesh(gd)`

Data Types: `double`

Mesh triangles, specified as a `4`-by-`Nt` matrix of triangles, where `Nt` is the number of triangles in the mesh. For a description of the (`p`,`e`,`t`) matrices, see Mesh Data.

Typically, you use the `p`, `e`, and `t` data exported from the PDE app, or generated by `initmesh` or `refinemesh`.

Example: `[p,e,t] = initmesh(gd)`

Data Types: `double`

### Name-Value Pair Arguments

Specify optional comma-separated pairs of `Name,Value` arguments. `Name` is the argument name and `Value` is the corresponding value. `Name` must appear inside single quotes (`' '`). You can specify several name and value pair arguments in any order as `Name1,Value1,...,NameN,ValueN`.

Example:

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Approximation of Jacobian, specified as `'full'`, `'fixed'`, or `'lumped'`.

• `'full'` means numerical evaluation of the full Jacobian based on the sparse version of the `numjac` function. 3-D geometry uses only `'full'`, any other specification yields an error.

• `'fixed'` specifies a fixed-point iteration matrix where the Jacobian is approximated by the stiffness matrix. This is the 2-D geometry default.

• `'lumped'` specifies a "lumped" approximation as described in Nonlinear Equations. This approximation is based on the numerical differentiation of the coefficients.

Example: `u = pdenonlin(model,c,a,f,'Jacobian','full')`

Data Types: `char`

Initial solution guess, specified as a scalar, a vector of characters, or a vector of numbers. For details, see Solve PDEs with Initial Conditions.

• A scalar specifies a constant initial condition for either a scalar or PDE system.

• For scalar problems, use the same syntax as Specify Scalar PDE Coefficients in Character Form.

• For systems of N equations, write a character array with N rows, where each row has the syntax of Specify Scalar PDE Coefficients in Character Form.

• For systems of N equations, and a mesh with `Np` nodes, give a column vector with N*`Np` components. The nodes are either `model.Mesh.Nodes`, or the `p` data from `initmesh` or `meshToPet`. See Mesh Data.

The first `Np` elements contain the values of component 1, where the value of element `k` corresponds to node `p(k)`. The next `Np` points contain the values of component 2, etc. It can be convenient to first represent the initial conditions `u0` as an `Np`-by-`N` matrix, where the first column contains entries for component 1, the second column contains entries for component 2, etc. The final representation of the initial conditions is `u0(:)`.

Example: `u = pdenonlin(model,c,a,f,'U0','x.^2-y.^2')`

Data Types: `double` | `char`
Complex Number Support: Yes

Residual size at termination, specified as a positive scalar. `pdenonlin` iterates until the residual size is less than `'Tol'`.

Example: `u = pdenonlin(model,c,a,f,'Tol',1e-6)`

Data Types: `double`

Maximum number of Gauss-Newton iterations, specified as a positive integer.

Example: `u = pdenonlin(model,c,a,f,'MaxIter',12)`

Data Types: `double`

Minimum damping of search direction, specified as a positive scalar.

Example: `u = pdenonlin(model,c,a,f,'MinStep',1e-3)`

Data Types: `double`

Print convergence information, specified as `'off'` or `'on'`.

Example: `u = pdenonlin(model,c,a,f,'Report','on')`

Data Types: `char`

Residual norm, specified as the `p` value for Lp norm, or as `'energy'`. `p` can be any positive real value, `Inf`, or `-Inf`. The `p` norm of a vector `v` is `sum(abs(v)^p)^(1/p)`. See `norm`.

Example: `u = pdenonlin(model,c,a,f,'Norm',2)`

Data Types: `double` | `char`

## Output Arguments

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PDE solution, returned as a vector.

• If the PDE is scalar, meaning only one equation, then `u` is a column vector representing the solution u at each node in the mesh. `u(i)` is the solution at the `i`th column of `model.Mesh.Nodes` or the `i`th column of `p`.

• If the PDE is a system of N > 1 equations, then `u` is a column vector with N*`Np` elements, where `Np` is the number of nodes in the mesh. The first `Np` elements of `u` represent the solution of equation 1, then next `Np` elements represent the solution of equation 2, etc.

To obtain the solution at an arbitrary point in the geometry, use `pdeInterpolant`.

To plot the solution, use `pdeplot` for 2-D geometry, or see Plot 3-D Solutions and Their Gradients.

Norm of Newton step residuals, returned as a scalar. For information about the algorithm, see Nonlinear Equations.

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### Tips

• If the Newton iteration does not converge, `pdenonlin` displays the error message `Too many iterations` or ```Stepsize too small```.

• If the initial guess produces matrices containing `NaN` or `Inf` elements, `pdenonlin` displays the error message ```Unsuitable initial guess U0 (default: U0 = 0)```.

• If you have very small coefficients, or very small geometric dimensions, `pdenonlin` can fail to converge, or can converge to an incorrect solution. If so, you can sometimes obtain better results by scaling the coefficients or geometry dimensions to be of order one.

### Algorithms

The `pdenonlin` algorithm is a Gauss-Newton iteration scheme applied to the finite element matrices. For details, see Nonlinear Equations.