# Documentation

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## Build Tunable Closed-Loop Model for Tuning with hinfstruct

In Formulating Design Requirements as H-Infinity Constraints you expressed your design requirements as a constraint on the H norm of a closed-loop transfer function H(s).

The next step is to create a Generalized LTI model of H(s) that includes all of the fixed and tunable elements of the control system. The model also includes any weighting functions that represent your design requirements. There are two ways to obtain this tunable model of your control system:

### Constructing the Closed-Loop System Using Control System Toolbox Commands

To construct the tunable generalized linear model of your closed-loop control system in MATLAB®:

1. Use commands such as `tf`, `zpk`, and `ss` to create numeric linear models that represent the fixed elements of your control system and any weighting functions that represent your design requirements.

2. Use tunable models (either Control Design Blocks or Generalized LTI models) to model the tunable elements of your control system. For more information about tunable models, see Models with Tunable Coefficients in the Control System Toolbox User's Guide.

3. Use model-interconnection commands such as `series`, `parallel`, and `connect` to construct your closed-loop system from the numeric and tunable models.

#### Example: Modeling a Control System With a Tunable PI Controller and Tunable Filter

This example shows how to construct a tunable generalized linear model of the following control system for tuning with `hinfstruct`.

This block diagram represents a head-disk assembly (HDA) in a hard disk drive. The architecture includes the plant `G` in a feedback loop with a PI controller `C` and a low-pass filter, `F = a/(s+a)`. The tunable parameters are the PI gains of `C` and the filter parameter `a`.

The block diagram also includes the weighting functions LS and 1/LS, which express the loop-shaping requirements. Let T(s) denote the closed-loop transfer function from inputs (r,nw) to outputs (y,ew). Then, the H constraint:

`${‖T\left(s\right)‖}_{\infty }<1$`

approximately enforces the target open-loop response shape `LS`. For this example, the target loop shape is

`$LS=\frac{1+0.001\frac{s}{{\omega }_{c}}}{0.001+\frac{s}{{\omega }_{c}}}.$`

This value of LS corresponds to the following open-loop response shape.

To tune the HDA control system with `hinfstruct`, construct a tunable model of the closed-loop system T(s), including the weighting functions, as follows.

1. Load the plant `G` from a saved file.

```load hinfstruct_demo G ```

`G` is a 9th-order SISO state-space (`ss`) model.

2. Create a tunable model of the PI controller.

You can use the predefined Control Design Block `tunablePID` to represent a tunable PI controller.

```C = tunablePID('C','pi'); ```
3. Create a tunable model of the low-pass filter.

Because there is no predefined Control Design Block for the filter `F = a/(s+a)`, use `realp` to represent the tunable filter parameter `a`. Then create a tunable `genss` model representing the filter.

```a = realp('a',1); F = tf(a,[1 a]); ```
4. Specify the target loop shape `LC`.

```wc = 1000; s = tf('s'); LS = (1+0.001*s/wc)/(0.001+s/wc); ```
5. Label the inputs and outputs of all the components of the control system.

Labeling the I/Os allows you to connect the elements to build the closed-loop system T(s).

```Wn = 1/LS; Wn.InputName = 'nw'; Wn.OutputName = 'n'; We = LS; We.InputName = 'e'; We.OutputName = 'ew'; C.InputName = 'e'; C.OutputName = 'u'; F.InputName = 'yn'; F.OutputName = 'yf'; ```
6. Specify the summing junctions in terms of the I/O labels of the other components of the control system.

```Sum1 = sumblk('e = r - yf'); Sum2 = sumblk('yn = y + n'); ```
7. Use `connect` to combine all the elements into a complete model of the closed-loop system T(s).

```T0 = connect(G,Wn,We,C,F,Sum1,Sum2,{'r','nw'},{'y','ew'}); ```

`T0` is a `genss` object, which is a Generalized LTI model representing the closed-loop control system with weighting functions. The `Blocks` property of `T0` contains the tunable blocks `C` and `a`.

```T0.Blocks ```
```ans = struct with fields: C: [1×1 tunablePID] a: [1×1 realp] ```

For more information about generalized models of control systems that include both numeric and tunable components, see Models with Tunable Coefficients in the Control System Toolbox documentation.

You can now use `hinfstruct` to tune the parameters of this control system. See Tune the Controller Parameters.

### Constructing the Closed-Loop System Using Simulink Control Design Commands

If you have a Simulink model of your control system and Simulink Control Design software, use `slTuner` to create an interface to the Simulink model of your control system. When you create the interface, you specify which blocks to tune in your model. The `slTuner` interface allows you to extract a closed-loop model for tuning with `hinfstruct`.

#### Example: Creating a Weighted Tunable Model of Control System Starting From a Simulink Model

This example shows how to construct a tunable generalized linear model of the control system in the Simulink model `rct_diskdrive`.

To create a generalized linear model of this control system (including loop-shaping weighting functions):

1. Open the model.

```open('rct_diskdrive'); ```

2. Create an `slTuner` interface to the model. The interface allows you to specify the tunable blocks and extract linearized open-loop and closed-loop responses. (For more information about the interface, see the `slTuner` reference page.)

```ST0 = slTuner('rct_diskdrive',{'C','F'}); ```

This command specifies that `C` and `F` are the tunable blocks in the model. The `slTuner` interface automatically parametrizes these blocks. The default parametrization of the transfer function block `F` is a transfer function with two free parameters. Because `F` is a low-pass filter, you must constrain its coefficients. To do so, specify a custom parameterization of `F`.

```a = realp('a',1); % filter coefficient setBlockParam(ST0,'F',tf(a,[1 a])); ```
3. Extract a tunable model of the closed-loop transfer function you want to tune.

```T0 = getIOTransfer(ST0,{'r','n'},{'y','e'}); ```

This command returns a `genss` model of the linearized closed-loop transfer function from the reference and noise inputs `r,n` to the measurement and error outputs `y,e`. The error output is needed for the loop-shaping weighting function.

4. Define the loop-shaping weighting functions and append them to `T0`.

```wc = 1000; s = tf('s'); LS = (1+0.001*s/wc)/(0.001+s/wc); T0 = blkdiag(1,LS) * T0 * blkdiag(1,1/LS); ```

The generalized linear model `T0` is a tunable model of the closed-loop transfer function T(s), discussed in Example: Modeling a Control System With a Tunable PI Controller and Tunable Filter. T(s) is a weighted closed-loop model of the control system of `rct_diskdrive`. Tuning `T0` to enforce the H constraint

`${‖T\left(s\right)‖}_{\infty }<1$`

approximately enforces the target loop shape `LS`.

You can now use `hinfstruct` to tune the parameters of this control system. See Tune the Controller Parameters.