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# Documentation

## Simulate High Frequency Components

This example shows how to use SimRF™ circuit envelope simulation to simulate high frequency components while reducing simulation time.

### Simulate a Passband Signal in Simulink Software

The model, ex_simrf_tut_passband, shows how to modulate a real passband signal with in-phase and quadrature components.

To open this model, at MATLAB® command line, enter:

```addpath(fullfile(docroot,'toolbox','simrf','examples'))
ex_simrf_tut_passband```

The system specifies a real passband signal x(t) according to the formula

$x\left(t\right)=I\left(t\right)\mathrm{cos}\left(2\pi {f}_{c}t\right)-Q\left(t\right)\mathrm{sin}\left(2\pi {f}_{c}t\right)$

where:

• I(t) is the in-phase part of the modulating signal, equal to 3 in this example, modeled by the Constant block labeled In-phase modulation.

• Q(t) is the quadrature part of the modulating, equal to 4 in this example, modeled by the Constant block labeled Quadrature modulation.

• fc is the carrier frequency, equal to 1 GHz in this example.

Running the model produces the following output on the scope.

The output signal at the Real Passband Scope has a magnitude of 5 and a phase shift of atan2d(3,-4), or about 143°.

In the Configuration Parameters dialog box, the Fixed-step size (fundamental sample time) parameter has been set to 1/16*1e-9. This value is on the order of the wavelength of the carrier. The simulation takes a total of 81 samples — 16 per cycle.

### Compare Passband and Baseband Signals in SimRF Software

The model, ex_simrf_tut_compare, shows how to compare passband and baseband signals. This section builds on the results of the previous section, Simulate a Passband Signal in Simulink Software.

To open this model, at MATLAB command line, enter:

```addpath(fullfile(docroot,'toolbox','simrf','examples'))
ex_simrf_tut_compare```

The system simulates a real passband signal as the real part of a complex passband signal according to the formula

$x\left(t\right)=\mathrm{Re}\left[\left(I\left(t\right)+jQ\left(t\right)\right)\mathrm{exp}\left(j\cdot 2\pi {f}_{c}t\right)\right]=I\left(t\right)\mathrm{cos}\left(2\pi {f}_{c}t\right)-Q\left(t\right)\mathrm{sin}\left(2\pi {f}_{c}t\right)$

where:

• I(t) + jQ(t) is the complex-valued modulation, equal to 3 + 4j.

• fc is the angular frequency, equal to 1 GHz.

Contrary to the Simulink® passband implementation in the previous section, the complex baseband signal driving the SimRF system does not include the carrier. Instead, the SimRF environment handles the carrier analytically. The carrier appears in four different blocks in the SimRF environment:

• In the Inport block, the Carrier frequencies parameter defines the carrier frequencies of the modulations entering from outside the SimRF environment. In this example, there is only one input signal, and only one carrier (1 GHz, specified as 1e9 Hz).

• In the Outport block, the Carrier frequencies parameter specifies the signal on the 1e9 Hz carrier (1 GHz) as Simulink signals. These signals appear at the I and Q ports. The Output parameter is set to Real Passband, so this signal represents a real passband signal on the 1-GHz carrier.

• In the block labeled SimRF Outport1 block, also an Outport block, the Carrier frequencies parameter specifies the signal outputted on the 1e9 Hz carrier (1 GHz) as Simulink signals. These signals appear at the I and Q ports. The Output parameter is set to In-phase and Quadrature Baseband, so these signals represent the in-phase and quadrature modulations of the signal on the 1-GHz carrier.

• In the Configuration block, the Carrier frequencies parameter specifies all of the carriers to be modeled in the SimRF circuit envelope simulation environment. In this example, only one carrier is specified. For more options, refer to Configuration block.

Running the model produces the following output on the scopes.

The Real Passband Scope displays the same output as the example in the previous section, Simulate a Passband Signal in Simulink Software. The signal has a magnitude of 5 and a phase shift consistent with the specified in-phase and quadrature amplitudes.

The 1-GHz carrier itself does not appear in the output. The results correspond to the real and imaginary parts of the Complex modulation at the input of the system. They also correspond to the In-phase modulation and Quadrature modulation blocks in Simulate a Passband Signal in Simulink Software.

In the Configuration Parameters dialog box, the Fixed-step size (fundamental sample time) parameter has been set to 1/16*1e-9. This value is on the order of the wavelength of the carrier. The simulation takes a total of 81 samples — 16 per cycle.

### Simulate the Envelope of a Baseband Signal

The model, ex_simrf_tut_envelope, shows how to simulate the envelope of a sine wave using SimRF blocks. This section builds on the results of the previous section, Compare Passband and Baseband Signals in SimRF Software.

To open this model, at MATLAB command line, enter:

```addpath(fullfile(docroot,'toolbox','simrf','examples'))
ex_simrf_tut_envelope```

The system is almost identical to the system in the previous section, except:

• The model contains only one SimRF Outport block and only one scope. The SimRF environment outputs in-phase and quadrature modulations of the 1-GHz signal. In the SimRF Outport block, the Output parameter is set to In-phase and quadrature baseband. Since the system is not configured to output a real passband signal, the carrier is not simulated.

• In the Configuration Parameters dialog box, the Fixed-step size (fundamental sample time) parameter is greater. Its value is 5e-9 instead of 1/16*1e-9.

Running the model produces the following output at the scope.

The I/Q Scope displays the in-phase and quadrature baseband components of the 1-GHz signal. The 1-GHz carrier itself does not appear in the output. The results correspond to the real and imaginary parts of the Complex modulation at the input of the system.

In contrast to the models in the previous two sections, Simulink works differently in this model. Because the modulating signals are constant in this example, only two sample points are needed. To simulate a time-varying modulating signal, Simulink can use a fixed time step on the order of the reciprocal of its bandwidth.

The model uses a value of 5e-9 for the Fixed-step size (fundamental sample time) parameter. This value equals the Stop time because, in this case, the modulating signals are constant. Compared to the preceding examples, which use a sample time of 1/16*1e-9, this model simulates accurately with a time step 80 times larger. This step size results in a reduction of total sample time by a factor of 80, excluding the initial time step at time 0.