Flow Control

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Conditional Control — if, else, switch Loop Control — for, while, continue, break Error Control — try, catch Program Termination — return

Conditional Control — if, else, switch

Conditional statements enable you to select at run time which block of code to execute. The simplest conditional statement is an if statement. For example:

% Generate a random number
a = randi(100, 1);

% If it is even, divide by 2
if rem(a, 2) == 0
    disp('a is even')
    b = a/2;
end

if statements can include alternate choices, using the optional keywords elseif or else. For example:

a = randi(100, 1);

if a < 30
    disp('small')
elseif a < 80
    disp('medium')
else
    disp('large')
end

Alternatively, when you want to test for equality against a set of known values, use a switch statement. For example:

[dayNum, dayString] = weekday(date, 'long', 'en_US');

switch dayString
   case 'Monday'
      disp('Start of the work week')
   case 'Tuesday'
      disp('Day 2')
   case 'Wednesday'
      disp('Day 3')
   case 'Thursday'
      disp('Day 4')
   case 'Friday'
      disp('Last day of the work week')
   otherwise
      disp('Weekend!')
end

For both if and switch, MATLAB executes the code corresponding to the first true condition, and then exits the code block. Each conditional statement requires the end keyword.

In general, when you have many possible discrete, known values, switch statements are easier to read than if statements. However, you cannot test for inequality between switch and case values. For example, you cannot implement this type of condition with a switch:

yourNumber = input('Enter a number: ');

if yourNumber < 0
    disp('Negative')
elseif yourNumber > 0
    disp('Positive')
else
    disp('Zero')
end

Array Comparisons in Conditional Statements

It is important to understand how relational operators and if statements work with matrices. When you want to check for equality between two variables, you might use

if A == B, ...

This is valid MATLAB code, and does what you expect when A and B are scalars. But when A and B are matrices, A == B does not test if they are equal, it tests where they are equal; the result is another matrix of 0's and 1's showing element-by-element equality. (In fact, if A and B are not the same size, then A == B is an error.)

A = magic(4);     B = A;     B(1,1) = 0;

A == B
ans =
     0     1     1     1
     1     1     1     1
     1     1     1     1
     1     1     1     1

The proper way to check for equality between two variables is to use the isequal function:

if isequal(A, B), ...

isequal returns a scalar logical value of 1 (representing true) or 0 (false), instead of a matrix, as the expression to be evaluated by the if function. Using the A and B matrices from above, you get

isequal(A, B)
ans = 
    0

Here is another example to emphasize this point. If A and B are scalars, the following program will never reach the "unexpected situation". But for most pairs of matrices, including our magic squares with interchanged columns, none of the matrix conditions A > B, A < B, or A == B is true for all elements and so the else clause is executed:

if A > B
   'greater'
elseif A < B
   'less'
elseif A == B
   'equal'
else
   error('Unexpected situation')
end

Several functions are helpful for reducing the results of matrix comparisons to scalar conditions for use with if, including

isequal
isempty
all
any

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Loop Control — for, while, continue, break

This section covers those MATLAB functions that provide control over program loops.

for

The for loop repeats a group of statements a fixed, predetermined number of times. A matching end delineates the statements:

for n = 3:32
   r(n) = rank(magic(n));
end
r

The semicolon terminating the inner statement suppresses repeated printing, and the r after the loop displays the final result.

It is a good idea to indent the loops for readability, especially when they are nested:

for i = 1:m
   for j = 1:n
      H(i,j) = 1/(i+j);
   end
end

while

The while loop repeats a group of statements an indefinite number of times under control of a logical condition. A matching end delineates the statements.

Here is a complete program, illustrating while, if, else, and end, that uses interval bisection to find a zero of a polynomial:

a = 0; fa = -Inf;
b = 3; fb = Inf;
while b-a > eps*b
   x = (a+b)/2;
   fx = x^3-2*x-5;
   if sign(fx) == sign(fa)
      a = x; fa = fx;
   else
      b = x; fb = fx;
   end
end
x

The result is a root of the polynomial x³ - 2x - 5, namely

x =
   2.09455148154233

The cautions involving matrix comparisons that are discussed in the section on the if statement also apply to the while statement.

continue

The continue statement passes control to the next iteration of the for loop or while loop in which it appears, skipping any remaining statements in the body of the loop. The same holds true for continue statements in nested loops. That is, execution continues at the beginning of the loop in which the continue statement was encountered.

The example below shows a continue loop that counts the lines of code in the file magic.m, skipping all blank lines and comments. A continue statement is used to advance to the next line in magic.m without incrementing the count whenever a blank line or comment line is encountered:

fid = fopen('magic.m','r');
count = 0;
while ~feof(fid)
    line = fgetl(fid);
    if isempty(line) || strncmp(line,'%',1) || ~ischar(line)
        continue
    end
    count = count + 1;
end
fprintf('%d lines\n',count);
fclose(fid);

break

The break statement lets you exit early from a for loop or while loop. In nested loops, break exits from the innermost loop only.

Here is an improvement on the example from the previous section. Why is this use of break a good idea?

a = 0; fa = -Inf;
b = 3; fb = Inf;
while b-a > eps*b
   x = (a+b)/2;
   fx = x^3-2*x-5;
   if fx == 0
      break
   elseif sign(fx) == sign(fa)
      a = x; fa = fx;
   else
      b = x; fb = fx;
   end
end
x

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Error Control — try, catch

This section covers those MATLAB functions that provide error handling control.

try

The general form of a try-catch statement sequence is

try
   statement
   ...
   statement
catch exceptObj
   statement
   ...
   statement
end

In this sequence, the statements in the try block (that part of the try-catch that follows the word try statement, and precedes catch) between try and catch execute just like any other program code. If an error occurs within the try section The statements between catch and end are then executed. Examine the contents of the MException object exceptObj to see the cause of the error. If an error occurs between catch and end, MATLAB terminates execution unless another try-catch sequence has been established.

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Program Termination — return

This section covers the MATLAB return function that enables you to terminate your program before it runs to completion.

return

return terminates the current sequence of commands and returns control to the invoking function or to the keyboard. return is also used to terminate keyboard mode. A called function normally transfers control to the function that invoked it when it reaches the end of the function. You can insert a return statement within the called function to force an early termination and to transfer control to the invoking function.

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Programming

Other Data Structures

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