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| R2012a Documentation → MATLAB | |
Learn more about MATLAB |
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The MATLAB language works with a single object type: the MATLAB array. All MATLAB variables (including scalars, vectors, matrices, strings, cell arrays, structures, and objects) are stored as MATLAB arrays. In C/C++, the MATLAB array is declared to be of type mxArray. The mxArray structure contains the following information about the array:
Its type
Its dimensions
The data associated with this array
If numeric, whether the variable is real or complex
If sparse, its indices and nonzero maximum elements
If a structure or object, the number of fields and field names
To access the mxArray structure, use the API functions in the MX Matrix Library. These functions allow you to create, read, and query information about the MATLAB data in your MEX-files.
Like MATLAB functions, a MEX-file gateway routine passes MATLAB variables by reference. However, these arguments are C pointers. A pointer to a variable is the address (location in memory) of the variable. MATLAB functions handle data storage for you automatically. When passing data to a MEX-file, you use pointers, which follow specific rules for accessing and manipulating variables. For information about working with pointers, refer to a programming reference, such as The C Programming Language by Kernighan, B. W., and D. M. Ritchie.
Note Since variables use memory, you need to understand how your MEX-file creates an mxArray and your responsibility for releasing (freeing) the memory. This is important to prevent memory leaks. The lifecycle of an mxArray—and the rules for managing memory—depends on whether it is an input argument, output argument, or local variable. The function you call to deallocate an mxArray depends on the function you used to create it, which is listed in the create function's MX Matrix Library documentation. |
An mxArray passed to a MEX-file through the prhs input parameter exists outside the scope of the MEX-file. Do not free memory for any mxArray in the prhs parameter. Additionally, prhs variables are read-only; do not modify them in your MEX-file.
If you create an mxArray (allocate memory and create data) for an output argument, the memory and data exist beyond the scope of the MEX-file. Do not free memory on an mxArray returned in the plhs output parameter.
You allocate memory whenever you use an mxCreate* function to create an mxArray or when you call the mxCalloc and associated functions. After observing the rules for handling input and output arguments, the MEX-file should destroy temporary arrays and free dynamically allocated memory. To deallocate memory, use either mxDestroyArray or mxFree. Refer to the MX Matrix Library function documentation for information about which function to use.
MATLAB stores data in a column-major (columnwise) numbering scheme, which is how Fortran stores matrices. MATLAB uses this convention because it was originally written in Fortran. MATLAB internally stores data elements from the first column first, then data elements from the second column second, and so on, through the last column.
For example, given the matrix:
a=['house'; 'floor'; 'porch'] a = house floor porch
its dimensions are:
size(a)
ans =
3 5and its data is stored as:
If a matrix is N-dimensional, MATLAB represents the data in N-major order. For example, consider a three-dimensional array having dimensions 4-by-2-by-3. Although you can visualize the data as:
MATLAB internally represents the data for this three-dimensional array in the following order:
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X |
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 |
The mxCalcSingleSubscript function creates the offset from the first element of an array to the desired element, using N-dimensional subscripting.
The most common data type in MATLAB is the complex double-precision, nonsparse matrix. These matrices are of type double and have dimensions m-by-n, where m is the number of rows and n is the number of columns. The data is stored as two vectors of double-precision numbers—one contains the real data and one contains the imaginary data. The pointers to this data are referred to as pr (pointer to real data) and pi (pointer to imaginary data), respectively. A noncomplex matrix is one whose pi is NULL.
MATLAB also supports other types of numeric matrices. These are single-precision floating-point and 8-, 16-, and 32-bit integers, both signed and unsigned. The data is stored in two vectors in the same manner as double-precision matrices.
The logical data type represents a logical true or false state using the numbers 1 and 0, respectively. Certain MATLAB functions and operators return logical 1 or logical 0 to indicate whether a certain condition was found to be true or not. For example, the statement (5 * 10) > 40 returns a logical 1 value.
MATLAB strings are of type char and are stored the same way as unsigned 16-bit integers except there is no imaginary data component. Unlike C, MATLAB strings are not null terminated.
Cell arrays are a collection of MATLAB arrays where each mxArray is referred to as a cell. This allows MATLAB arrays of different types to be stored together. Cell arrays are stored in a similar manner to numeric matrices, except the data portion contains a single vector of pointers to mxArrays. Members of this vector are called cells. Each cell can be of any supported data type, even another cell array.
A 1-by-1 structure is stored in the same manner as a 1-by-n cell array where n is the number of fields in the structure. Members of the data vector are called fields. Each field is associated with a name stored in the mxArray.
Objects are stored and accessed the same way as structures. In MATLAB, objects are named structures with registered methods. Outside MATLAB, an object is a structure that contains storage for an additional class name that identifies the name of the object.
MATLAB arrays of any type can be multidimensional. A vector of integers is stored where each element is the size of the corresponding dimension. The storage of the data is the same as matrices.
MATLAB arrays of any type can be empty. An empty mxArray is one with at least one dimension equal to zero. For example, a double-precision mxArray of type double, where m and n equal 0 and pr is NULL, is an empty array.
Sparse matrices have a different storage convention from that of full matrices in MATLAB. The parameters pr and pi are still arrays of double-precision numbers, but these arrays contain only nonzero data elements. There are three additional parameters: nzmax, ir, and jc.
nzmax is an integer that contains the length of ir, pr, and, if it exists, pi. It is the maximum possible number of nonzero elements in the sparse matrix.
ir points to an integer array of length nzmax containing the row indices of the corresponding elements in pr and pi.
jc points to an integer array of length n+1, where n is the number of columns in the sparse matrix. The jc array contains column index information. If the jth column of the sparse matrix has any nonzero elements, jc[j] is the index in ir and pr (and pi if it exists) of the first nonzero element in the jth column, and jc[j+1] - 1 is the index of the last nonzero element in that column. For the jth column of the sparse matrix, jc[j] is the total number of nonzero elements in all preceding columns. The last element of the jc array, jc[n], is equal to nnz, the number of nonzero elements in the entire sparse matrix. If nnz is less than nzmax, more nonzero entries can be inserted into the array without allocating additional storage.
You can write source MEX-files, MAT-file applications, and engine applications in C/C++ that accept any class or data type supported by MATLAB. In Fortran, only the creation of double-precision n-by-m arrays and strings are supported. You use binary C/C++ and Fortran MEX-files like MATLAB functions.
Caution MATLAB does not check the validity of MATLAB data structures created in C/C++ or Fortran using one of the MX Matrix Library create functions (for example, mxCreateStructArray). Using invalid syntax to create a MATLAB data structure can result in unexpected behavior in your C/C++ or Fortran program. |
There is an example source MEX-file included with MATLAB, called explore.c, that identifies the data type of an input variable. The source code for this example is in matlabroot/extern/examples/mex, where matlabroot represents the top-level folder where MATLAB is installed on your system.
Note In platform-independent discussions that refer to folder paths, this book uses the UNIX convention. For example, a general reference to the mex folder is matlabroot/extern/examples/mex. |
For example, typing:
cd([matlabroot '/extern/examples/mex']); x = 2; explore(x);
produces this result:
------------------------------------------------ Name: prhs[0] Dimensions: 1x1 Class Name: double ------------------------------------------------ (1,1) = 2
explore accepts any data type. Try using explore with these examples:
explore([1 2 3 4 5])
explore 1 2 3 4 5
explore({1 2 3 4 5})
explore(int8([1 2 3 4 5]))
explore {1 2 3 4 5}
explore(sparse(eye(5)))
explore(struct('name', 'Joe Jones', 'ext', 7332))
explore(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
 | MEX-Files Call C/C++ and Fortran Programs | Building MEX-Files |  |
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