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| R2012a Documentation → Communications System Toolbox | |
Learn more about Communications System Toolbox |
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Comm Sinks
The Error Rate Calculation block compares input data from a transmitter with input data from a receiver. It calculates the error rate as a running statistic, by dividing the total number of unequal pairs of data elements by the total number of input data elements from one source.
Use this block to compute either symbol or bit error rate, because it does not consider the magnitude of the difference between input data elements. If the inputs are bits, then the block computes the bit error rate. If the inputs are symbols, then it computes the symbol error rate.
Note When you set the Output data parameter to Workspace, the block generates no code. If you need error rate information from generated code, set Output data to Port. |
This block has between two and four input ports, depending on how you set the dialog parameters. The inports marked Tx and Rx accept transmitted and received signals, respectively. The Tx and Rx signals must share the same sampling rate.
The Tx and Rx input ports accept scalar or column vector signals. For information about the data types each block port supports, see the Supported Data Types table on this page. If Tx is a scalar and Rx is a vector, or vice-versa, then the block compares the scalar with each element of the vector. (Overall, the block behaves as if you had preprocessed the scalar signal with the Communications System Toolbox Repeat block with the Rate options parameter set to Enforce single rate.)
If you select the Reset port check box, then an additional input port appears, labeled Rst. The Rst input accepts only a scalar signal (of type double or boolean) and must have the same port sample time as the Tx and Rx ports. When the Rst input is nonzero, the block clears and then recomputes the error statistics.
If you set the Computation mode parameter to Select samples from port, then an additional input port appears, labeled Sel. The Sel input indicates which elements of a frame are relevant for the computation. The Sel input can be a column vector of type double.
The guidelines below indicate how you should configure the inputs and the dialog parameters depending on how you want this block to interpret your Tx and Rx data.
If both data signals are scalar, then this block compares the Tx scalar signal with the Rx scalar signal. For this configuration, use the Computation mode parameter default value, Entire frame.
If both data signals are vectors, then this block compares some or all of the Tx and Rx data:
If you set the Computation mode parameter to Entire frame, then the block compares all of the Tx frame with all of the Rx frame.
If you set the Computation mode parameter to Select samples from mask, then the Selected samples from frame field appears in the dialog. This parameter field accepts a vector that lists the indices of those elements of the Rx frame that you want the block to consider. For example, to consider only the first and last elements of a length-six receiver frame, set the Selected samples from frame parameter to [1 6]. If the Selected samples from frame vector includes zeros, then the block ignores them.
If you set the Computation mode parameter to Select samples from port, then an additional input port, labeled Sel, appears on the block icon. The data at this input port must have the same format as that of the Selected samples from frame parameter described above.
If one data signal is a scalar and the other is a vector, then this block compares the scalar with each entry of the vector. The three subbullets above are still valid for this mode, except that if Rx is a scalar, then the phrase "Rx frame" above refers to the vector expansion of Rx.
This block produces a vector of length three, whose entries correspond to:
The error rate
The total number of errors, that is, the number of instances that an Rx element does not match the corresponding Tx element
The total number of comparisons that the block made
The block sends this output data to the base MATLAB workspace or to an output port, depending on how you set the Output data parameter:
If you set the Output data parameter to Workspace and fill in the Variable name parameter, then that variable in the base MATLAB workspace contains the current value when the simulation ends. Pausing the simulation does not cause the block to write interim data to the variable.
If you plan to use this block along with the Simulink Coder software, then you should not use the Workspace option. Instead, use the Port option and connect the output port to a Simulink To Workspace block.
If you set the Output data parameter to Port, then an output port appears. This output port contains the running error statistics.
The Receive delay and Computation delay parameters implement two different types of delays for this block. One delay is useful if you want this block to compensate for the delay in the received signal. The other is useful if you want to ignore the initial transient behavior of both input signals.
The Receive delay parameter represents the number of samples by which the received data lags behind the transmitted data. The transmit signal is implicitly delayed by that same amount before the block compares it to the received data. This value is helpful when you delay the transmit signal so that it aligns with the received signal. The receive delay persists throughout the simulation.
The Computation delay parameter represents the number of samples the block ignores at the beginning of the comparison.
If you do not know the receive delay in your model, you can use the Align Signals block, which automatically compensates for the delay. If you use the Align Signals block, set the Receive delay in the Error Rate Calculation block to 0 and the Computation delay to the value coming out of the Delay port of the Align Signals block.
Alternatively, you can use the Find Delay block to find the value of the delay, and then set the Receive delay parameter in the Error Rate Calculation block to the delay value.
If you use the Select samples from mask or Select samples from port option, then each delay parameter refers to the number of samples that the block receives, whether the block ultimately ignores some of them or not.
You can configure this block so that its error statistics control the duration of simulation. This is useful for computing reliable steady-state error statistics without knowing in advance how long transient effects might last. To use this mode, check the Stop simulation check box. The block attempts to run the simulation until it detects Target number of errors errors. However, the simulation stops before detecting enough errors if the time reaches the model's Stop time setting (in the Configuration Parameters dialog box), if the Error Rate Calculation block makes Maximum number of symbols comparisons, or if another block in the model directs the simulation to stop.
To ignore either of the two stopping criteria in this block, set the corresponding parameter (Target number of errors or Maximum number of symbols) to Inf. For example, to reach a target number of errors without stopping the simulation early, set Maximum number of symbols to Inf and set the model's Stop time to Inf.
The figure below shows how the block compares pairs of elements and counts the number of error events. The Tx and Rx inputs are column vectors.
This example assumes that the sample time of each input signal is 1 second and that the block's parameters are as follows:
Receive delay = 2
Computation delay = 0
Computation mode = Entire frame
Both input signals are column vectors of length three. However, the schematic arranges each column vector horizontally and aligns pairs of vectors so as to reflect a receive delay of two samples. At each time step, the block compares elements of the Rx signal with those of the Tx signal that appear directly above them in the schematic. For instance, at time 1, the block compares 2, 4, and 1 from the Rx signal with 2, 3, and 1 from the Tx signal.
The values of the first two elements of Rx appear as asterisks because they do not influence the output. Similarly, the 6 and 5 in the Tx signal do not influence the output up to time 3, though they would influence the output at time 4.
In the error rates on the right side of the figure, each numerator at time t reflects the number of errors when considering the elements of Rx up through time t.
If the block's Reset port box had been checked and a reset had occurred at time = 3 seconds, then the last error rate would have been 2/3 instead of 4/10. This value 2/3 would reflect the comparison of 3, 2, and 1 from the Rx signal with 7, 7, and 1 from the Tx signal. The figure below illustrates this scenario. The Tx and Rx inputs are column vectors.
If you use the Simulink Coder rapid simulation (RSim) target to build an RSim executable, then you can tune the Target number of errors and Maximum number of symbols parameters without recompiling the model. This is useful for Monte Carlo simulations in which you run the simulation multiple times (perhaps on multiple computers) with different amounts of noise.
Number of samples by which the received data lags behind the transmitted data. (If Tx or Rx is a vector, then each entry represents a sample.)
Number of samples that the block should ignore at the beginning of the comparison.
Either Entire frame, Select samples from mask, or Select samples from port, depending on whether the block should consider all or only part of the input frames.
A vector that lists the indices of the elements of the Rx frame vector that the block should consider when making comparisons. This field appears only if Computation mode is set to Select samples from mask.
Either Workspace or Port, depending on where you want to send the output data.
Name of variable for the output data vector in the base MATLAB workspace. This field appears only if Output data is set to Workspace.
If you check this box, then an additional input port appears, labeled Rst.
If you check this box, then the simulation runs only until this block detects a specified number of errors or performs a specified number of comparisons, whichever comes first.
The simulation stops after detecting this number of errors. This field is active only if Stop simulation is checked.
The simulation stops after making this number of comparisons. This field is active only if Stop simulation is checked.
| Port | Supported Data Types |
|---|---|
Tx |
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Rx |
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Sel |
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Reset |
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Learn how to apply early verification to your development process through these technical resources.
How much time do you spend on testing to ensure implementation meets system-level requirements?
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