You will need to have MATLAB installed on the remote machine with the GPU to be able to use the two together. As far as I know, there's not a way to just use the GPU remotely without also running MATLAB there, too. The CUDA driver is essentially a display driver, so it's very much tied to the hardware and doesn't have any provision for working over a network. Also, the network bandwidth and latency are going to be very slow compared to the PCI bus on the local machine -- so even if doing GPU calculations over a network were possible, any performance advantage would likely be swallowed by the network cost.
If you have MATLAB installed on the other machine, it's fairly straightforward to use. Install the CUDA drivers for the platform, log in remotely, start MATLAB and start writing code. The only caveat here is that you may need to use the nvidia-smi utility to configure the remote GPU to work properly with Remote Desktop, but that's covered in the installation instructions from nVidia.
You can use the Parallel Computing Toolbox and the Job Manager (or another scheduler) to access a GPU in a worker machine, but that will still require install and setup of MATLAB in some fashion on the remote machine, as well as configuring the scheduler and so on, so this is likely not what you are looking for.
