This code for ant colony optimisation is showing (??? Undefined function or method 'ACO' for input arguments of type 'char'.) error, how do I correct it?

This code for ant colony optimisation is showing (??? Undefined function or method 'ACO' for input arguments of type 'char'.) error, how do I correct it?

% ACO: ant colony optimization for solving the
traveling salesperson
% problem
% Haupt & Haupt
% 2003
clear
rand(‘state’,11)
Ncity=30; % number of cities on tour
Nants=Ncity; % number of ants=number of cities
% city locations
xcity=rand(1,Ncity);ycity=rand(1,Ncity); % cities are
located at (xcity,ycity)
%distance between cities
for ic=1:Ncity
for id=1:Ncity
dcity(ic,id)=sqrt((xcity(ic)-xcity(id))^2+(ycity(ic)-
ycity(id))^2);
end % id
end %ic
vis=1./dcity; % visibility equals inverse
% of distance
phmone=.1*ones(Ncity,Ncity);% initialized pheromones
% between cities
maxit=600; % max number of iterations
% a1=0 - closest city is selected
% be=0 - algorithm only works w/ pheromones and not
% distance of city
% Q - close to the lenght of the optimal tour
% rr - trail decay
a=2;b=6;rr=0.5;Q=sum(1./(1:8));dbest=9999999;e=5;
% initialize tours
for ic=1:Nants
tour(ic,:)=randperm(Ncity);
end % ic
tour(:,Ncity+1)=tour(:,1); % tour ends on city it
starts with
for it=1:maxit
% find the city tour for each ant
% st is the current city
% nxt contains the remaining cities to be visited
for ia=1:Nants
for iq=2:Ncity-1
[iq tour(ia,:)];
st=tour(ia,iq-1); nxt=tour(ia,iq:Ncity);
prob=((phmone(st,nxt).^a).*(vis(st,nxt).^b)).
sum((phmone(st,nxt).^a).*(vis(st,nxt).^b));
rcity=rand;
for iz=1:length(prob)
if rcity<sum(prob(1:iz))
newcity=iq-1+iz; % next city
to be visited
break
end % if
end % iz
temp=tour(ia,newcity); % puts the new city
% selected next in line
tour(ia,newcity)=tour(ia,iq);
tour(ia,iq)=temp;
end % iq
end % ia
% calculate the length of each tour and pheromone
distribution
phtemp=zeros(Ncity,Ncity);
for ic=1:Nants
dist(ic,1)=0;
for id=1:Ncity
    dist(ic,1)=dist(ic)+dcity(tour(ic,id),tour(ic,id+1));
phtemp(tour(ic,id),tour(ic,id+1))=Q/dist(ic,1);
end % id
end % ic
[dmin,ind]=min(dist);
if dmin<dbest
dbest=dmin;
end % if
% pheromone for elite path
ph1=zeros(Ncity,Ncity);
for id=1:Ncity
ph1(tour(ind,id),tour(ind,id+1))=Q/dbest;
end % id
% update pheromone trails
phmone=(1-rr)*phmone+phtemp+e*ph1;
dd(it,:)=[dbest dmin];
[it dmin dbest]
end %it
[tour,dist]
figure(1)
plot(xcity(tour(ind,:)),ycity(tour(ind,:)),xcity,ycity,’
o’)
axis square
figure(2);plot([1:maxit],dd(:,1),[1:maxit],dd(:,2),’–’)

[a]

??? Error using ==> plot Error in color/linetype argument

Error in ==> Untitled at 83 figure(2);plot([1:maxit],dd(:,1),[1:maxit],dd(:,2),'–') how do i correct it?

Answer 1

[Walter Roberson]

That program cannot be run with any input arguments. At the MATLAB command line, just invoke

ACO

Answer 2

[Wayne King]

I think you have several issues in the excerpt you posted above, I have reformatted a bit. Download the attached aco.m file and put it in a folder on the MATLAB path, then enter

>>aco