Financial Derivatives Toolbox 5.5

Pricing a Portfolio Using the Black-Derman-Toy Model

This demo illustrates how the Financial Derivatives Toolbox™ can be used to create a Black-Derman-Toy (BDT) tree and price a portfolio of instruments using the BDT model.

Contents

Create the Interest Rate Term Structure

The structure RateSpec is an interest rate term structure that defines the initial forward-rate specification from which the tree rates are derived. Use the information of annualized zero coupon rates in the table below to populate the RateSpec structure.

  From             To           Rate
01 Jan 2005    01 Jan 2006      0.0275
01 Jan 2005    01 Jan 2007      0.0312
01 Jan 2005    01 Jan 2008      0.0363
01 Jan 2005    01 Jan 2009      0.0415
01 Jan 2005    01 Jan 2010      0.0458

StartDates = ['01 Jan 2005'];

EndDates =   ['01 Jan 2006';
              '01 Jan 2007';
              '01 Jan 2008';
              '01 Jan 2009';
              '01 Jan 2010'];

ValuationDate = ['01 Jan 2005'];
Rates = [0.0275; 0.0312; 0.0363; 0.0415; 0.0458];
Compounding = 1;

RateSpec = intenvset('Compounding',Compounding,'StartDates', StartDates,...
                     'EndDates', EndDates, 'Rates', Rates,'ValuationDate', V
aluationDate)

RateSpec =

           FinObj: 'RateSpec'
      Compounding: 1
             Disc: [5x1 double]
            Rates: [5x1 double]
         EndTimes: [5x1 double]
       StartTimes: [5x1 double]
         EndDates: [5x1 double]
       StartDates: 732313
    ValuationDate: 732313
            Basis: 0
     EndMonthRule: 1

Specify the Volatility Model

Create the structure VolSpec that specifies the volatility process with the following data.

Volatility = [0.005; 0.0055; 0.006; 0.0065; 0.007];
BDTVolSpec = bdtvolspec(ValuationDate, EndDates, Volatility)

BDTVolSpec =

             FinObj: 'BDTVolSpec'
      ValuationDate: 732313
           VolDates: [5x1 double]
           VolCurve: [5x1 double]
    VolInterpMethod: 'linear'

Specify the Time Structure of the Tree

The structure TimeSpec specifies the time structure for an interest rate tree. This structure defines the mapping between the observation times at each level of the tree and the corresponding dates.

Maturity = EndDates;
BDTTimeSpec = bdttimespec(ValuationDate, Maturity, Compounding)

BDTTimeSpec =

           FinObj: 'BDTTimeSpec'
    ValuationDate: 732313
         Maturity: [5x1 double]
      Compounding: 1
            Basis: 0
     EndMonthRule: 1

Create the BDT Tree

Use the previously computed values for RateSpec, VolSpec and TimeSpec to create the BDT tree.

BDTTree = bdttree(BDTVolSpec, RateSpec, BDTTimeSpec)

BDTTree =

      FinObj: 'BDTFwdTree'
     VolSpec: [1x1 struct]
    TimeSpec: [1x1 struct]
    RateSpec: [1x1 struct]
        tObs: [0 1 2 3 4]
        dObs: [732313 732678 733043 733408 733774]
        TFwd: {[5x1 double]  [4x1 double]  [3x1 double]  [2x1 double]  
[4]}
      CFlowT: {[5x1 double]  [4x1 double]  [3x1 double]  [2x1 double]  
[5]}
     FwdTree: {1x5 cell}

Observe the Interest Rate Tree

Visualize the interest rate evolution along the tree by looking at the output structure BDTTree. BDTTree returns an inverse discount tree, which you can convert into an interest rate tree with the cvtree function.

BDTTreeR = cvtree(BDTTree);

Look at the upper branch and lower branch paths of the tree:

%Rate at root node:
RateRoot      = treepath(BDTTreeR.RateTree, [0])

%Rates along upper branch:
RatePathUp    = treepath(BDTTreeR.RateTree, [1 1 1 1])

%Rates along lower branch:
RatePathDown = treepath(BDTTreeR.RateTree, [2 2 2 2])

RateRoot =

    0.0275


RatePathUp =

    0.0275
    0.0347
    0.0460
    0.0560
    0.0612


RatePathDown =

    0.0275
    0.0351
    0.0472
    0.0585
    0.0653

You can also display a graphical representation of the tree to examine interactively the rates on the nodes of the tree until maturity. The function treeviewer displays the structure of the rate tree in the left pane. The tree visualization in the right pane is blank, but by selecting Diagram and clicking on the nodes you can examine the rates along the paths.

treeviewer(BDTTreeR)

Create an Instrument Portfolio

Create a portfolio consisting of two bond instruments and a option on the 5% Bond.

% Bonds
CouponRate = [0.04;0.05];
Settle = '01 Jan 2005';
Maturity = ['01 Jan 2009';'01 Jan 2010'];
Period = 1;

% Option
OptSpec = {'call'};
Strike = 98;
ExerciseDates = ['01 Jan 2010'];
AmericanOpt = 1;

InstSet = instadd('Bond',CouponRate, Settle,  Maturity, Period);
InstSet = instadd(InstSet,'OptBond', 2, OptSpec, Strike, ExerciseDates, Amer
icanOpt);

Examine the set of instruments contained in the variable InstSet.

instdisp(InstSet)

Index Type CouponRate Settle         Maturity       Period Basis EndMonthRul
e IssueDate FirstCouponDate LastCouponDate StartDate Face
1     Bond 0.04       01-Jan-2005    01-Jan-2009    1      0     1          
  NaN       NaN             NaN            NaN       100
2     Bond 0.05       01-Jan-2005    01-Jan-2010    1      0     1          
  NaN       NaN             NaN            NaN       100

Index Type    UnderInd OptSpec Strike ExerciseDates  AmericanOpt
3     OptBond 2        call    98     01-Jan-2010    1

Price the Portfolio Using a BDT Tree

Calculate the price of each instrument in the instrument set.

Price = bdtprice(BDTTree, InstSet)

Price =

   99.6374
  102.2460
    4.2460

The prices in the output vector Price correspond to the prices at observation time zero (tObs = 0), which is defined as the Valuation Date of the interest-rate tree.

In the Price vector, the first element, 99.6374, represents the price of the first instrument (4% Bond); the second element, 102.2460, represents the price of the second instrument (5% Bond), and 4.2460 represents the price of the Option.