Why do I get a segmentation fault after entering the File Installation Key in the MATLAB installer on a Linux machine?

Solution:

This error occurs when you give the installer a Personal License Password (PLP) instead of the File Installation Key. The PLP is for releases prior to R2008a. For R2008a and later, you must use the File Installation Key. To obtain this passcode, see the Related Solution "Where can I find the Activation Key or File Installation Key (FIK) for my license?"

You can tell PLPs and FIKs apart by checking the first few digits. A PLP will have a leading group of two digits. For example:
18-12345-67890-...
Whereas a File Installation Key will have only 5-digit groups of numbers:
01234-56789-...