(Not recommended) Numerically evaluate integral, adaptive Lobatto quadrature
quadl is not recommended. Use integral instead.
q = quadl(fun,a,b)
q = quadl(fun,a,b,tol)
quadl(fun,a,b,tol,trace)
[q,fcnt] = quadl(...)
q = quadl(fun,a,b) approximates the integral
of function fun from a to b, to
within an error of 10-6 using recursive adaptive Lobatto
quadrature. fun is a function handle. It accepts a vector
x and returns a vector y, the function
fun evaluated at each element of x. Limits
a and b must be finite.
Parameterizing Functions explains how to
provide additional parameters to the function fun, if
necessary.
q = quadl(fun,a,b,tol) uses an absolute
error tolerance of tol instead of the default, which is
1.0e-6. Larger values of tol result in fewer
function evaluations and faster computation, but less accurate results.
quadl(fun,a,b,tol,trace) with non-zero
trace shows the values of
[fcnt a b-a q] during the recursion.
[q,fcnt] = quadl(...) returns the number of
function evaluations.
Use array operators .*, ./ and
.^ in the definition of fun so that it can be
evaluated with a vector argument.
The function quad might be more efficient with low accuracies or
nonsmooth integrands.
The list below contains information to help you determine which quadrature function in MATLAB® to use:
The quad function might be most efficient for low
accuracies with nonsmooth integrands.
The quadl function might be more efficient than
quad at higher accuracies with smooth
integrands.
The quadgk function might be most efficient for high
accuracies and oscillatory integrands. It supports infinite intervals and can
handle moderate singularities at the endpoints. It also supports contour
integration along piecewise linear paths.
The quadv function vectorizes quad
for an array-valued fun.
If the interval is infinite, , then for the integral of fun(x) to exist,
fun(x) must decay as x approaches
infinity, and quadgk requires it to decay rapidly. Special
methods should be used for oscillatory functions on infinite intervals, but
quadgk can be used if fun(x) decays
fast enough.
The quadgk function will integrate functions that are
singular at finite endpoints if the singularities are not too strong. For
example, it will integrate functions that behave at an endpoint
c like log|x-c| or
|x-c|p for p
>= -1/2. If the function is singular at points inside
(a,b), write the integral as a sum of integrals over
subintervals with the singular points as endpoints, compute them with
quadgk, and add the results.
Pass the function handle, @myfun, to
quadl:
Q = quadl(@myfun,0,2);
where the function myfun.m is:
function y = myfun(x) y = 1./(x.^3-2*x-5);
Pass anonymous function handle F to
quadl:
F = @(x) 1./(x.^3-2*x-5); Q = quadl(F,0,2);
quadl might issue one of the following warnings:
'Minimum step size reached' indicates that the recursive interval
subdivision has produced a subinterval whose length is on the order of roundoff error in
the length of the original interval. A nonintegrable singularity is possible.
'Maximum function count exceeded' indicates that the integrand has
been evaluated more than 10,000 times. A nonintegrable singularity is likely.
'Infinite or Not-a-Number function value encountered' indicates a
floating point overflow or division by zero during the evaluation of the integrand in
the interior of the interval.
quadl implements a high order method using an adaptive
Gauss/Lobatto quadrature rule.
[1] Gander, W. and W. Gautschi, “Adaptive Quadrature
– Revisited,” BIT, Vol. 40, 2000, pp. 84-101. This document is also
available at https://people.inf.ethz.ch/gander/.