Check Valve

Hydraulic valve that allows flow in one direction only

Library

Directional Valves

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Description

The Check Valve block represents a hydraulic check valve as a data-sheet-based model. The purpose of the check valve is to permit flow in one direction and block it in the opposite direction. The following figure shows the typical dependency between the valve passage area A and the pressure differential across the valve $$\Delta p=p_{\text{A}}-p_{\text{B}},$$.

The valve remains closed while pressure differential across the valve is lower than the valve cracking pressure. When cracking pressure is reached, the valve control member (spool, ball, poppet, etc.) is forced off its seat, thus creating a passage between the inlet and outlet. If the flow rate is high enough and pressure continues to rise, the area is further increased until the control member reaches its maximum. At this moment, the valve passage area is at its maximum. The valve maximum area and the cracking and maximum pressures are generally provided in the catalogs and are the three key parameters of the block.

In addition to the maximum area, the leakage area is also required to characterize the valve. The main purpose of the parameter is not to account for possible leakage, even though this is also important, but to maintain numerical integrity of the circuit by preventing a portion of the system from getting isolated after the valve is completely closed. An isolated or “hanging” part of the system could affect computational efficiency and even cause failure of computation. Therefore, the parameter value must be greater than zero.

By default, the block does not include valve opening dynamics, and the valve sets its opening area directly as a function of pressure:

$$A=A(p)$$

Adding valve opening dynamics provides continuous behavior that is more physically realistic, and is particularly helpful in situations with rapid valve opening and closing. The pressure-dependent orifice passage area A(p) in the block equations then becomes the steady-state area, and the instantaneous orifice passage area in the flow equation is determined as follows:

$$A(t=0)=A_{init}$$

$$\frac{dA}{dt}=\frac{A(p)-A}{\tau }$$

In either case, the flow rate through the valve is determined according to the following equations:

$$q=C_D\cdot A\sqrt{\frac{2}{\rho }}\cdot \frac{p}{{\left(p^2+p_{cr}^2\right)}^{1/4}}$$

$$A(p)=\{\begin{array}{ll}{A}_{leak}\hfill & \text{for }p<=p_{crack}\hfill \\ A_{leak}+k·\left(p-p_{crack}\right)\hfill & \text{for }{p}_{crack}<p<p_{\max }\hfill \\ A_{\max }\hfill & \text{for }p>=p_{\max }\hfill \end{array}$$

$$k=\frac{A_{\max }-A_{leak}}{p_{\max }-p_{crack}}$$

$$\Delta p=p_{\text{A}}-p_{\text{B}},$$

$$p_{cr}=\frac{\rho }{2}{\left(\frac{{\mathrm{Re}}_{cr}\cdot \nu }{C_D\cdot D_H}\right)}^2$$

$$D_H=\sqrt{\frac{4A}{\pi }}$$

where

q	Flow rate
p	Pressure differential
pA, pB	Gauge pressures at the block terminals
CD	Flow discharge coefficient
A	Instantaneous orifice passage area
A(p)	Pressure-dependent orifice passage area
Ainit	Initial open area of the valve
Amax	Fully open valve passage area
Aleak	Closed valve leakage area
pcrack	Valve cracking pressure
pmax	Pressure needed to fully open the valve
pcr	Minimum pressure for turbulent flow
Recr	Critical Reynolds number
DH	Instantaneous orifice hydraulic diameter
ρ	Fluid density
ν	Fluid kinematic viscosity
τ	Time constant for the first order response of the valve opening
t	Time

The block positive direction is from port A to port B. This means that the flow rate is positive if it flows from A to B, and the pressure differential is determined as $$\Delta p=p_{\text{A}}-p_{\text{B}},$$.

Basic Assumptions and Limitations

• Valve opening is linearly proportional to the pressure differential.

• No loading on the valve, such as inertia, friction, spring, and so on, is considered.

Parameters

Maximum passage area

Valve passage maximum cross-sectional area. The default value is 1e-4 m^2.

Cracking pressure

Pressure level at which the orifice of the valve starts to open. The default value is 3e4 Pa.

Maximum opening pressure

Pressure differential across the valve needed to fully open the valve. Its value must be higher than the cracking pressure. The default value is 1.2e5 Pa.

Flow discharge coefficient

Semi-empirical parameter for valve capacity characterization. Its value depends on the geometrical properties of the orifice, and usually is provided in textbooks or manufacturer data sheets. The default value is 0.7.

Laminar transition specification

Select how the block transitions between the laminar and turbulent regimes:

• Pressure ratio — The transition from laminar to turbulent regime is smooth and depends on the value of the Laminar flow pressure ratio parameter. This method provides better simulation robustness.

• Reynolds number — The transition from laminar to turbulent regime is assumed to take place when the Reynolds number reaches the value specified by the Critical Reynolds number parameter.

Laminar flow pressure ratio

Pressure ratio at which the flow transitions between laminar and turbulent regimes. The default value is 0.999. This parameter is visible only if the Laminar transition specification parameter is set to Pressure ratio.

Critical Reynolds number

The maximum Reynolds number for laminar flow. The value of the parameter depends on the orifice geometrical profile. You can find recommendations on the parameter value in hydraulics textbooks. The default value is 12, which corresponds to a round orifice in thin material with sharp edges. This parameter is visible only if the Laminar transition specification parameter is set to Reynolds number.

Leakage area

The total area of possible leaks in the completely closed valve. The main purpose of the parameter is to maintain numerical integrity of the circuit by preventing a portion of the system from getting isolated after the valve is completely closed. The parameter value must be greater than 0. The default value is 1e-12 m^2.

Opening dynamics

Select one of the following options:

• Do not include valve opening dynamics — The valve sets its orifice passage area directly as a function of pressure. If the area changes instantaneously, so does the flow equation. This is the default.

• Include valve opening dynamics — Provide continuous behavior that is more physically realistic, by adding a first-order lag during valve opening and closing. Use this option in hydraulic simulations with the local solver for real-time simulation. This option is also helpful if you are interested in valve opening dynamics in variable step simulations.

Opening time constant

The time constant for the first order response of the valve opening. This parameter is available only if Opening dynamics is set to Include valve opening dynamics. The default value is 0.1 s.

Initial area

The initial opening area of the valve. This parameter is available only if Opening dynamics is set to Include valve opening dynamics. The default value is 1e-12 m^2.

 Restricted Parameters

When your model is in Restricted editing mode, you cannot modify the following parameter:

• Opening dynamics

All other block parameters are available for modification. The actual set of modifiable block parameters depends on the value of the Opening dynamics parameter at the time the model entered Restricted mode.

Global Parameters

Parameters determined by the type of working fluid:

• Fluid density

• Fluid kinematic viscosity

Use the Hydraulic Fluid block or the Custom Hydraulic Fluid block to specify the fluid properties.

Ports

The block has the following ports:

A

Hydraulic conserving port associated with the valve inlet.

B

Hydraulic conserving port associated with the valve outlet.

Examples

The Hydraulic Flow Rectifier Circuit example illustrates the use of check valves to build a rectifier that keeps the flow passing through a flow control valve always in the same direction, and to select an appropriate orifice depending on the flow direction.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using Simulink® Coder™.