modalfrf

Frequency-response functions for modal analysis

Syntax

frf = modalfrf(x,y,fs,window)

frf = modalfrf(x,y,fs,window,noverlap)

frf = modalfrf(___,Name,Value)

[frf,f,coh] = modalfrf(___)

[frf,f] = modalfrf(sys)

frf = modalfrf(sys,f)

modalfrf(___)

Description

frf = modalfrf(x,y,fs,window) estimates a matrix of frequency response functions, frf, from the excitation signals, x, and the response signals, y, all sampled at a rate fs. The output, frf, is an H₁ estimate computed using Welch’s method with window to window the signals. x and y must have the same number of rows. If x or y is a matrix, each column represents a signal. The frequency-response function matrix, frf, is computed in terms of dynamic flexibility, and the system response, y, contains acceleration measurements.

frf = modalfrf(x,y,fs,window,noverlap) specifies noverlap samples of overlap between adjoining segments.

frf = modalfrf(___,Name,Value) specifies options using name-value pair arguments, using any combination of inputs from previous syntaxes. Options include the estimator, the measurement configuration, and the type of sensor measuring the system response.

[frf,f,coh] = modalfrf(___) also returns the frequency vector corresponding to each frequency-response function, as well as the multiple coherence matrix.

[frf,f] = modalfrf(sys) computes the frequency-response function of the identified model sys. Use estimation commands like ssest (System Identification Toolbox), n4sid (System Identification Toolbox), or tfest (System Identification Toolbox) to create sys from time-domain input and output signals. This syntax allows use only of the 'Sensor' name-value pair argument. You must have a System Identification Toolbox™ license to use this syntax.

frf = modalfrf(sys,f) specifies the frequencies at which to compute frf. This syntax allows use only of the 'Sensor' name-value pair argument. You must have a System Identification Toolbox license to use this syntax.

modalfrf(___) with no output arguments plots the frequency response functions in the current figure. The plots are limited to the first four excitations and four responses.

Examples

Frequency-Response Function of Hammer Excitation

Visualize the frequency-response function of a single-input/single-output hammer excitation.

Load a data file that contains:

• Xhammer $$\text{—}$$ An input excitation signal consisting of five hammer blows delivered periodically.

• Yhammer $$\text{—}$$ The response of a system to the input. Yhammer is measured as a displacement.

The signals are sampled at 4 kHz. Plot the excitation and output signals.

load modaldata

subplot(2,1,1)
plot(thammer,Xhammer(:))
ylabel('Force (N)')
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(thammer,Yhammer(:))
ylabel('Displacement (m)')
xlabel('Time (s)')

Compute and display the frequency-response function. Window the signals using a rectangular window. Specify that the window covers the period between hammer blows.

clf
winlen = size(Xhammer,1);
modalfrf(Xhammer(:),Yhammer(:),fs,winlen,'Sensor','dis')

MIMO Frequency-Response Functions

Compute the frequency-response functions for a two-input/two-output system excited by random noise.

Load a data file that contains Xrand, the input excitation signal, and Yrand, the system response. Compute the frequency-response functions using a 5000-sample Hann window and 50% overlap between adjoining data segments. Specify that the output measurements are displacements.

load modaldata
winlen = 5000;

frf = modalfrf(Xrand,Yrand,fs,hann(winlen),0.5*winlen,'Sensor','dis');

Use the plotting functionality of modalfrf to visualize the responses.

modalfrf(Xrand,Yrand,fs,hann(winlen),0.5*winlen,'Sensor','dis')

Frequency-Response Function of SISO System

Estimate the frequency-response function for a simple single-input/single-output system and compare it to the definition.

A one-dimensional discrete-time oscillating system consists of a unit mass, $\mathit{m}$, attached to a wall by a spring with elastic constant $\mathit{k}=1$. A sensor samples the displacement of the mass at ${\mathit{F}}_{\mathrm{s}}=1$ Hz. A damper impedes the motion of the mass by exerting on it a force proportional to speed, with damping constant $\mathit{b}=0.01$.

Generate 3000 time samples. Define the sampling interval $\Delta \mathit{t}=1/{\mathit{F}}_{\mathit{s}}$.

Fs = 1;
dt = 1/Fs;
N = 3000;
t = dt*(0:N-1);
b = 0.01;

The system can be described by the state-space model

$$\begin{array}{c}x(k+1)=Ax(k)+Bu(k),\\ y(k)=Cx(k)+Du(k),\end{array}$$

where $\mathit{x}={\left[\begin{array}{cc}\mathit{r}& \mathit{v}\end{array}\right]}^{\mathit{T}}$ is the state vector, $\mathit{r}$ and $\mathit{v}$ are respectively the displacement and velocity of the mass, $\mathit{u}$ is the driving force, and $\mathit{y}=\mathit{r}$ is the measured output. The state-space matrices are

$$A=\exp (A_c\Delta t),B=A_c^{-1}(A-I)B_c,C=\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\end{array}\right],D=0,$$

$\mathit{I}$ is the $2\times 2$ identity, and the continuous-time state-space matrices are

$$A_c=\left[\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ -1& -b\end{array}\right],B_c=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\end{array}\right].$$

Ac = [0 1;-1 -b];
A = expm(Ac*dt);

Bc = [0;1];
B = Ac\(A-eye(2))*Bc;

C = [1 0];
D = 0;

The mass is driven by random input for the first 2000 seconds and then left to return to rest. Use the state-space model to compute the time evolution of the system starting from an all-zero initial state. Plot the displacement of the mass as a function of time.

rng default
u = randn(1,N)/2;
u(2001:end) = 0;

y = 0;
x = [0;0];
for k = 1:N
    y(k) = C*x + D*u(k);
    x = A*x + B*u(k);
end

plot(t,y)

Estimate the modal frequency-response function of the system. Use a Hann window half as long as the measured signals. Specify that the output is the displacement of the mass.

wind = hann(N/2);

[frf,f] = modalfrf(u',y',Fs,wind,'Sensor','dis');

The frequency-response function of a discrete-time system can be expressed as the Z-transform of the time-domain transfer function of the system, evaluated at the unit circle. Compare the modalfrf estimate with the definition.

[b,a] = ss2tf(A,B,C,D);

nfs = 2048;
fz = 0:1/nfs:1/2-1/nfs;
z = exp(2j*pi*fz);
ztf = polyval(b,z)./polyval(a,z);

plot(f,20*log10(abs(frf)))
hold on
plot(fz*Fs,20*log10(abs(ztf)))
hold off
grid
ylim([-60 40])

Estimate the natural frequency and the damping ratio for the vibration mode.

[fn,dr] = modalfit(frf,f,Fs,1,'FitMethod','PP')

fn = 0.1593

dr = 0.0043

Compare the natural frequency to $1/2\pi$, which is the theoretical value for the undamped system.

theo = 1/(2*pi)

theo = 0.1592

Modal Parameters of Two-Body Oscillator

Estimate the frequency-response function and modal parameters of a simple multi-input/multi-output system.

An ideal one-dimensional oscillating system consists of two masses, ${\mathit{m}}_1$ and ${\mathit{m}}_2$, confined between two walls. The units are such that ${\mathit{m}}_1=1$ and ${\mathit{m}}_2=\mu$. Each mass is attached to the nearest wall by a spring with an elastic constant $\mathit{k}$. An identical spring connects the two masses. Three dampers impede the motion of the masses by exerting on them forces proportional to speed, with damping constant $\mathit{b}$. Sensors sample ${\mathit{r}}_1$ and ${\mathit{r}}_2$, the displacements of the masses, at ${\mathit{F}}_{\mathrm{s}}=50$ Hz.

Generate 30,000 time samples, equivalent to 600 seconds. Define the sampling interval $\Delta \mathit{t}=1/{\mathit{F}}_{\mathrm{s}}$.

Fs = 50;
dt = 1/Fs;
N = 30000;
t = dt*(0:N-1);

The system can be described by the state-space model

$$\begin{array}{c}x(k+1)=Ax(k)+Bu(k),\\ y(k)=Cx(k)+Du(k),\end{array}$$

where $$x={\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{r}_1& v_1& r_2& v_2\end{array}\right]}^T$$ is the state vector, $$r_i$$ and $$v_i$$ are respectively the location and the velocity of the $$i$$th mass, $$u={\left[\begin{array}{cc}{u}_1& u_2\end{array}\right]}^T$$ is the vector of input driving forces, and $$y={\left[\begin{array}{cc}{r}_1& r_2\end{array}\right]}^T$$ is the output vector. The state-space matrices are

$$A=\exp (A_c\Delta t),B=A_c^{-1}(A-I)B_c,C=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 0\end{array}\right],D=\left[\begin{array}{cc}0& 0\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right],$$

$\mathit{I}$ is the $4\times 4$ identity, and the continuous-time state-space matrices are

$$A_c=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}0& 1& 0& 0\\ -2k& -2b& k& b\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\\ k/\mu & b/\mu & -2k/\mu & -2b/\mu \end{array}\right],B_c=\left[\begin{array}{cc}0& 0\\ 1& 0\\ 0& 0\\ 0& 1/\mu \end{array}\right].$$

Set $\mathit{k}=400$, $\mathit{b}=0.1$, and $\mu =1/10$.

k = 400;
b = 0.1;
m = 1/10;

Ac = [0 1 0 0;-2*k -2*b k b;0 0 0 1;k/m b/m -2*k/m -2*b/m];
A = expm(Ac*dt);
Bc = [0 0;1 0;0 0;0 1/m];
B = Ac\(A-eye(4))*Bc;
C = [1 0 0 0;0 0 1 0];
D = zeros(2);

The masses are driven by random input throughout the measurement. Use the state-space model to compute the time evolution of the system starting from an all-zero initial state.

rng default
u = randn(2,N);

y = [0;0];
x = [0;0;0;0];
for kk = 1:N
    y(:,kk) = C*x + D*u(:,kk);
    x = A*x + B*u(:,kk);
end

Use the input and output data to estimate the transfer function of the system as a function of frequency. Use a 15000-sample Hann window with 9000 samples of overlap between adjoining segments. Specify that the measured outputs are displacements.

wind = hann(15000);
nove = 9000;
[FRF,f] = modalfrf(u',y',Fs,wind,nove,'Sensor','dis');

Compute the theoretical transfer function as the Z-transform of the time-domain transfer function, evaluated at the unit circle.

nfs = 2048;
fz = 0:1/nfs:1/2-1/nfs;
z = exp(2j*pi*fz);

[b1,a1] = ss2tf(A,B,C,D,1);
[b2,a2] = ss2tf(A,B,C,D,2);

frf(1,:,1) = polyval(b1(1,:),z)./polyval(a1,z);
frf(1,:,2) = polyval(b1(2,:),z)./polyval(a1,z);
frf(2,:,1) = polyval(b2(1,:),z)./polyval(a2,z);
frf(2,:,2) = polyval(b2(2,:),z)./polyval(a2,z);

Plot the estimates and overlay the theoretical predictions.

for jk = 1:2
    for kj = 1:2
        subplot(2,2,2*(jk-1)+kj)
        plot(f,20*log10(abs(FRF(:,jk,kj))))
        hold on
        plot(fz*Fs,20*log10(abs(frf(jk,:,kj))))
        hold off
        axis([0 Fs/2 -100 0])
        title(sprintf('Input %d, Output %d',jk,kj))
    end
end

Plot the estimates by using the syntax of modalfrf with no output arguments.

figure
modalfrf(u',y',Fs,wind,nove,'Sensor','dis')

Estimate the natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes of the system. Use the peak-picking method for the calculation.

[fn,dr,ms] = modalfit(FRF,f,Fs,2,'FitMethod','pp');
fn

fn = 
fn(:,:,1) =

    3.8466    3.8466
    3.8495    3.8495


fn(:,:,2) =

    3.8492    3.8490
    3.8552   14.4684

Compare the natural frequencies to the theoretical predictions for the undamped system.

undamped = sqrt(eig([2*k -k;-k/m 2*k/m]))/2/pi

undamped = 2×1

    3.8470
   14.4259

Frequency-Response Function Using Subspace Method

Compute the frequency-response function of a two-input/six-output data set corresponding to a steel frame.

Load a structure containing the input excitations and the output accelerometer measurements. The system is sampled at 1024 Hz for about 3.9 seconds.

load modaldata SteelFrame
X = SteelFrame.Input;
Y = SteelFrame.Output;
fs = SteelFrame.Fs;

Use the subspace method to compute the frequency-response functions. Divide the input and output signals into nonoverlapping, 1000-sample segments. Window each segment using a rectangular window. Specify a model order of 36.

[frf,f] = modalfrf(X,Y,fs,1000,'Estimator','subspace','Order',36);

Visualize the stabilization diagram for the system. Identify up to 15 physical modes.

modalsd(frf,f,fs,'MaxModes',15)

Input Arguments

x — Excitation signals

vector | matrix

Excitation signals, specified as a vector or matrix.

Data Types: single | double

y — Response signals

vector | matrix

Response signals, specified as a vector or matrix.

Data Types: single | double

fs — Sample rate

positive scalar

Sample rate, specified as a positive scalar expressed in hertz.

Data Types: single | double

window — Window

integer | vector

Window, specified as an integer or as a row or column vector. Use window to divide the signal into segments:

• If window is an integer, then modalfrf divides x and y into segments of length window and windows each segment with a rectangular window of that length.

• If window is a vector, then modalfrf divides x and y into segments of the same length as the vector and windows each segment using window.

• If 'Estimator' is specified as 'subspace', then modalfrf ignores the shape of window and uses its length to determine the number of frequency points in the returned frequency-response function.

If the length of x and y cannot be divided exactly into an integer number of segments with noverlap overlapping samples, then the signals are truncated accordingly.

For a list of available windows, see Windows.

Example: hann(N+1) and (1-cos(2*pi*(0:N)'/N))/2 both specify a Hann window of length N + 1.

Data Types: single | double

noverlap — Number of overlapped samples

0 (default) | positive integer

Number of overlapped samples, specified as a positive integer.

• If window is a scalar, then noverlap must be smaller than window.

• If window is a vector, then noverlap must be smaller than the length of window.

Data Types: double | single

sys — Identified system

model with identified parameters

Identified system, specified as a model with identified parameters. Use estimation commands like ssest (System Identification Toolbox), n4sid (System Identification Toolbox), or tfest (System Identification Toolbox) to create sys from time-domain input and output signals. See Modal Analysis of Identified Models for an example. Syntaxes that use sys typically require less data than syntaxes that use nonparametric methods. You must have a System Identification Toolbox license to use this input argument.

Example: idss([0.5418 0.8373;-0.8373 0.5334],[0.4852;0.8373],[1 0],0,[0;0],[0;0],1) generates an identified state-space model corresponding to a unit mass attached to a wall by a spring of unit elastic constant and a damper with constant 0.01. The displacement of the mass is sampled at 1 Hz.

Example: idtf([0 0.4582 0.4566],[1 -1.0752 0.99],1) generates an identified transfer-function model corresponding to a unit mass attached to a wall by a spring of unit elastic constant and a damper with constant 0.01. The displacement of the mass is sampled at 1 Hz.

f — Frequencies

vector

Frequencies, specified as a vector expressed in Hz.

Data Types: single | double

Name-Value Pair Arguments

Specify optional comma-separated pairs of Name,Value arguments. Name is the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. Name must appear inside quotes. You can specify several name and value pair arguments in any order as Name1,Value1,...,NameN,ValueN.

Example: 'Sensor','vel','Est','H1' specifies that the response signal consists of velocity measurements and that the estimator of choice is H1.

'Estimator' — Estimator

'H1' (default) | 'H2' | 'Hv' | 'subspace'

Estimator, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Estimator' and 'H1', 'H2', 'Hv', or 'subspace'. See Transfer Function for more information about the H₁ and H₂ estimators.

• Use 'H1' when the noise is uncorrelated with the excitation signals.

• Use 'H2' when the noise is uncorrelated with the response signals. In this case, the number of excitation signals must equal the number of response signals.

• Use 'Hv' to minimize the discrepancy between modeled and estimated response data by minimizing the trace of the error matrix. H_v is the geometric mean of H₁ and H₂: H_v = (H₁H₂)^1/2

  The measurement must be single-input/single-output (SISO).

• Use 'subspace' to compute the frequency-response functions using a state-space model. In this case, the noverlap argument is ignored. This method typically requires less data than nonparametric approaches. See n4sid (System Identification Toolbox) for more information.

'Feedthrough' — Presence of feedthrough in state-space model

false (default) | true

Presence of feedthrough in state-space model, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Feedthrough' and a logical value. This argument is available only if 'Estimator' is specified as 'subspace'.

Data Types: logical

'Measurement' — Measurement configuration

'fixed' (default) | 'rovinginput' | 'rovingoutput'

Measurement configuration for equal numbers of excitation and response channels, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Measurement' and 'fixed', 'rovinginput', or 'rovingoutput'.

• Use 'fixed' when there are excitation sources and sensors at fixed locations of the system. Each excitation contributes to every response.

• Use 'rovinginput' when the measurements result from a roving excitation (or roving hammer) test. A single sensor is kept at a fixed location of the system. A single excitation source is placed at multiple locations and produces one sensor response per location. The function output frf(:,:,i) = modalfrf(x(:,i),y(:,i)).

• Use 'rovingoutput' when the measurements result from a roving sensor test. A single excitation source is kept at a fixed location of the system. A single sensor is placed at multiple locations and responds to one excitation per location. The function output frf(:,i) = modalfrf(x(:,i),y(:,i)).

'Order' — State-space model order

1:10 (default) | integer | row vector of integers

State-space model order, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Order' and an integer or row vector of integers. If you specify a vector of integers, then the function selects an optimal order value from the specified range. This argument is available only if 'Estimator' is specified as 'subspace'.

Data Types: single | double

'Sensor' — Sensor type

'acc' (default) | 'dis' | 'vel'

Sensor type, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Sensor' and 'acc', 'dis', or 'vel'.

• 'acc' — The response signal voltage is proportional to acceleration.

• 'dis' — The response signal voltage is proportional to displacement.

• 'vel' — The response signal voltage is proportional to velocity.

Output Arguments

frf — Frequency-response functions

vector | matrix | 3-D array

Frequency-response functions, returned as a vector, matrix, or 3-D array. frf has size p-by-m-by-n, where p is the number of frequency bins, m is the number of responses, and n is the number of excitation signals.

f — Frequencies

vector

Frequencies, returned as a vector.

coh — Multiple coherence matrix

matrix

Multiple coherence matrix, returned as a matrix. coh has one column for each response signal.

References

[1] Brandt, Anders. Noise and Vibration Analysis: Signal Analysis and Experimental Procedures. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

[2] Vold, Håvard, John Crowley, and G. Thomas Rocklin. "New Ways of Estimating Frequency Response Functions." Sound and Vibration. Vol. 18, November 1984, pp. 34–38.