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# d2c

Convert model from discrete to continuous time

## Syntax

```sysc = d2c(sysd) sysc = d2c(sysd,method) sysc = d2c(sysd,opts) [sysc,G] = d2c(sysd,method,opts) ```

## Description

`sysc = d2c(sysd)` produces a continuous-time model `sysc` that is equivalent to the discrete-time dynamic system model `sysd` using zero-order hold on the inputs.

`sysc = d2c(sysd,method)` uses the specified conversion method `method`.

`sysc = d2c(sysd,opts)` converts `sysd` using the option set `opts`, specified using the `d2cOptions` command.

```[sysc,G] = d2c(sysd,method,opts)``` returns a matrix `G` that maps the states `xd[k]` of the state-space model `sysd` to the states `xc(t)` of `sysc`.

## Input Arguments

 `sysd` Discrete-time dynamic system model You cannot directly use an `idgrey` model whose `FunctionType` is `'d'` with `d2c`. Convert the model into `idss` form first. `method` Discrete-to-continuous time conversion method, specified as one of the following values: `'zoh'` — Zero-order hold on the inputs. Assumes that the control inputs are piecewise constant over the sampling period.`'foh'` — Linear interpolation of the inputs (modified first-order hold). Assumes that the control inputs are piecewise linear over the sampling period.`'tustin'` — Bilinear (Tustin) approximation to the derivative`'matched'` — Zero-pole matching method (for SISO systems only). See [1] . For information about the algorithms for each `d2c` conversion method, see Continuous-Discrete Conversion Methods. Default: `'zoh'` `opts` Discrete-to-continuous time conversion options, created using `d2cOptions`.

## Output Arguments

 `sysc` Continuous-time model of the same type as the input system `sysd`. When `sysd` is an identified (IDLTI) model, `sysc`: Includes both the measured and noise components of `sysd`. If the noise variance is λ in `sysd`, then the continuous-time model `sysc` has an indicated level of noise spectral density equal to Ts*λ.Does not include the estimated parameter covariance of `sysd`. If you want to translate the covariance while converting the model, use `translatecov`. `G` Matrix mapping the states `xd[k]` of the state-space model `sysd` to the states `xc(t)` of `sysc`: `${x}_{c}\left(k{T}_{s}\right)=G\left[\begin{array}{c}{x}_{d}\left[k\right]\\ u\left[k\right]\end{array}\right].$` Given an initial condition `x0` for `sysd` and an initial input `u0 = u[0]`, the corresponding initial condition for `sysc` (assuming `u[k] = 0` for ```k < 0``` is: `${x}_{c}\left(0\right)=G\left[\begin{array}{c}{x}_{0}\\ {u}_{0}\end{array}\right].$`

## Examples

collapse all

Create the following discrete-time transfer function:

`$H\left(z\right)=\frac{z-1}{{z}^{2}+z+0.3}$`

`H = tf([1 -1],[1 1 0.3],0.1);`

The sample time of the model is ${T}_{s}=0.1s$.

Derive a continuous-time, zero-order-hold equivalent model.

`Hc = d2c(H)`
```Hc = 121.7 s + 1.675e-12 --------------------- s^2 + 12.04 s + 776.7 Continuous-time transfer function. ```

Discretize the resulting model, `Hc`, with the default zero-order hold method and sample time 0.1s to return the original discrete model, `H`.

`c2d(Hc,0.1)`
```ans = z - 1 ------------- z^2 + z + 0.3 Sample time: 0.1 seconds Discrete-time transfer function. ```

Use the Tustin approximation method to convert `H` to a continuous time model.

`Hc2 = d2c(H,'tustin');`

Discretize the resulting model, Hc2, to get back the original discrete-time model, `H`.

`c2d(Hc2,0.1,'tustin');`

Estimate a discrete-time transfer function model, and convert it to a continuous-time model.

```load iddata1 sys1d = tfest(z1,2,'Ts',0.1); sys1c = d2c(sys1d,'zoh');```

Estimate a continuous-time transfer function model.

`sys2c = tfest(z1,2);`

Compare the response of `sys1c` and the directly estimated continuous-time model, `sys2c`.

`compare(z1,sys1c,sys2c)`

The two systems are almost identical.

Convert an identified discrete-time transfer function model to continuous-time.

```load iddata1 sysd = tfest(z1,2,'Ts',0.1); sysc = d2c(sysd,'zoh');```

`sys1c` has no covariance information. The `d2c` operation leads to loss of covariance data of identified models.

Regenerate the covariance information using a zero iteration update with the same estimation command and estimation data.

```opt = tfestOptions; opt.SearchOptions.MaxIterations = 0; sys1c = tfest(z1,sysc,opt);```

Analyze the effect on frequency-response uncertainty.

```h = bodeplot(sysd,sys1c); showConfidence(h,3)```

The uncertainties of `sys1c` and `sysd` are comparable up to the Nyquist frequency. However, `sys1c` exhibits large uncertainty in the frequency range for which the estimation data does not provide any information.

If you do not have access to the estimation data, use the `translatecov` command which is a Gauss-approximation formula based translation of covariance across model type conversion operations.

## Limitations

The Tustin approximation is not defined for systems with poles at z = –1 and is ill-conditioned for systems with poles near z = –1.

The zero-order hold method cannot handle systems with poles at z = 0. In addition, the `'zoh'` conversion increases the model order for systems with negative real poles, [2]. The model order increases because the matrix logarithm maps real negative poles to complex poles. Single complex poles are not physically meaningful because of their complex time response.

Instead, to ensure that all complex poles of the continuous model come in conjugate pairs, `d2c` replaces negative real poles z = –α with a pair of complex conjugate poles near –α. The conversion then yields a continuous model with higher order. For example, to convert the discrete-time transfer function

`$H\left(z\right)=\frac{z+0.2}{\left(z+0.5\right)\left({z}^{2}+z+0.4\right)}$`

type:

```Ts = 0.1 % sample time 0.1 s H = zpk(-0.2,-0.5,1,Ts) * tf(1,[1 1 0.4],Ts) Hc = d2c(H) ```

These commands produce the following result.

```Warning: System order was increased to handle real negative poles. Zero/pole/gain: -33.6556 (s-6.273) (s^2 + 28.29s + 1041) -------------------------------------------- (s^2 + 9.163s + 637.3) (s^2 + 13.86s + 1035) ```

To convert `Hc` back to discrete time, type:

```c2d(Hc,Ts) ```

yielding

```Zero/pole/gain: (z+0.5) (z+0.2) ------------------------- (z+0.5)^2 (z^2 + z + 0.4) Sample time: 0.1 ```

This discrete model coincides with H(z) after canceling the pole/zero pair at z = –0.5.

## Tips

• Use the syntax `sysc = d2c(sysd,'method')` to convert `sysd` using the default options for`'method'`. To specify `tustin` conversion with a frequency prewarp (formerly the `'prewarp'` method), use the syntax ```sysc = d2c(sysd,opts)```. See the `d2cOptions` reference page for more information.

## Algorithms

`d2c` performs the `'zoh'` conversion in state space, and relies on the matrix logarithm (see `logm` in the MATLAB® documentation).

See Continuous-Discrete Conversion Methods for more details on the conversion methods.

## References

[1] Franklin, G.F., Powell,D.J., and Workman, M.L., Digital Control of Dynamic Systems (3rd Edition), Prentice Hall, 1997.

[2] Kollár, I., G.F. Franklin, and R. Pintelon, "On the Equivalence of z-domain and s-domain Models in System Identification," Proceedings of the IEEE® Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Brussels, Belgium, June, 1996, Vol. 1, pp. 14-19.