# SPDT Relay

Single-pole, double-throw relay with delays and faults

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• Simscape / Electrical / Switches & Breakers / Relays

## Description

The SPDT Relay block models a single-pole, double-throw relay. The block has three potential states:

• De-energized — The common contact, C, is connected to the normally closed contact, S1.

• Energized — The common contact, C, is connected to the normally open contact, S2.

• Open Circuit — The relay is open. The common contact, C, is not connected to the normally closed contact, S1, or the normally open contact, S2.

You can:

• Control the relay state using the physical signal input port or electrical conserving ports.

• Output the relay state.

• Delay the breaking and making of either or both of the connections.

• Introduce a behavioral or temporal fault that results in a stuck connection, an open circuit, or degraded contact resistance.

### Relay State Control

The block has two control variants:

• Physical signal (PS) control — The state of the relay depends on how the value of the input physical signal compares to the relay threshold. The relay threshold, th, is the value that you by specify for the Threshold parameter.

• Electrical control — The state of the relay depends on how the current through the positive and negative electrical conserving ports, which represent the relay winding, compares to the relay upper and lower thresholds. The upper and lower thresholds depend on the values that you specify for the parameters in the Winding settings.

For the PS control variant, at the start of simulation:

• If the input signal, PS, is less than or equal to th, the relay is de-energized and the common contact, C, connects to the normally closed contact, S1.

• If the input signal, PS, greater than th, the relay is energized and C connects to the normally open contact, S2.

After the simulation starts, if PS rises above th, the block goes from a de-energized state to an energized state :

• The CS1 connection breaks after the delay specified in Time-to-break C-S1 connection.

• The CS2 connection closes after the delay specified in Time-to-make C-S2 connection.

If the block goes from an energized state to a de-energized state, that is PS falls to or below th:

• The CS2 connection breaks after the delay specified in Time-to-break C-S2 connection.

• The CS1 connection closes after the delay specified in Time-to-make C-S1 connection.

For the electrical control variant, the upper and lower thresholds depend on the specified values for the Rated voltage, Percent rated voltage to energize, Percent rated voltage to de-energize, and Winding series resistance parameters. The rated current is:

`${i}_{rated}=\frac{{V}_{rated}}{{r}_{coil}}.$`

The equation for the upper current threshold, ienergized, is:

`${i}_{energized_current}=\frac{Rated\text{\hspace{0.17em}}Voltage*Percent\text{\hspace{0.17em}}rated\text{\hspace{0.17em}}voltage\text{\hspace{0.17em}}to\text{\hspace{0.17em}}energize}{Winding\text{\hspace{0.17em}}series\text{\hspace{0.17em}}resistance}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}.$`

The equation for the lower current threshold, ide-energized, is:

`${i}_{de-energized_current}=\frac{Rated\text{\hspace{0.17em}}Voltage*Percent\text{\hspace{0.17em}}rated\text{\hspace{0.17em}}voltage\text{\hspace{0.17em}}to\text{\hspace{0.17em}}de-energize}{Winding\text{\hspace{0.17em}}series\text{\hspace{0.17em}}resistance}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}.$`

At the start of simulation:

• If the control current is less than ienergized, the common contact, C, connects to the normally closed contact, S1.

• If the control current is greater than ienergized, the relay is energized and C connects to the normally open contact, S2.

After the start of simulation, if the current rises above ienergized, the block goes from a de-energized state to an energized state:

• The CS1 connection breaks after the delay specified in Time-to-break C-S1 connection.

• The CS2 connection closes after the delay specified in Time-to-make C-S2 connection.

If the current falls below ide-energized, the block goes from an energized state to a de-energized state:

• The CS2 connection breaks after the delay specified in Time-to-break C-S2 connection.

• The CS1 connection closes after the delay specified in Time-to-make C-S1 connection.

### Output the Relay State

To view the relay state, expose port x, a physical signal port that outputs the state of each connection. To expose the x port, in the Main settings, set State port to `Visible`.

The table shows how the state of the relay relates to the state of the connections. A closed connection has a state of 1. An open connection has a state of 0.

Relay and Connection States

CS1 Connection StateCS2 Connection StateRelay State
10De-energized
01Energized
00Open Circuit

### Connection Delays

You can specify delays for making and breaking connections in the Mechanical settings. The table shows how the make and brake time delays affect the connections between contacts S1 and S2 and the common contact, C.

Mechanical SettingsRelay StateCS1 Connection StateCS2 Connection StateResults, with CS1 in Yellow and CS2 in Blue
ParameterValue
Time-to-break C-S1 connection`0`
Time-to-make C-S1 connection`0`
Time-to-break C-S2 connection`0`
Time-to-make C-S2 connection`0`
De-energized10

Energized01
ParameterValue
Time-to-break C-S1 connection> `0`
Time-to-make C-S1 connection`0`
Time-to-break C-S2 connection`0`
Time-to-make C-S2 connection`0`
De-energized10

Energized1, 01
ParameterValue
Time-to-break C-S1 connection`0`
Time-to-make C-S1 connection> `0`
Time-to-break C-S2 connection`0`
Time-to-make C-S2 connection`0`
De-nergized0, 10

Energized01
ParameterValue
Time-to-break C-S1 connection`0`
Time-to-make C-S1 connection`0`
Time-to-break C-S2 connection> `0`
Time-to-make C-S2 connection`0`
De-nergized11, 0

Energized01
ParameterValue
Time-to-break C-S1 connection`0`
Time-to-make C-S1 connection`0`
Time-to-break C-S2 connection`0`
Time-to-make C-S2 connection> `0`
De-nergized10

Energized00, 1

### Faults

The block provides five fault types:

• `C-S1 stuck closed`

• `C-S2 stuck closed`

• `C open circuit (no path to S1 or S2)`

• `Degraded contact resistance`

• `Winding failed open circuit`. This fault type is available only for the electrical control variant.

Each type of fault can take effect only when the threshold for a temporal or behavioral trigger is exceeded.

CS1 Stuck Closed Fault

The CS1 stuck closed fault occurs if the common contact, C, becomes mechanically, electrically, or chemically stuck to the normally closed contact, S1. Causes of this type of fault include:

1. Contact welding, possibly due to an inrush current or breaking current that exceeds the rating or load short circuit.

2. Mechanical damage.

3. Insulation deterioration.

4. Inductive voltage.

The table shows the faulted state for a CS1 stuck closed fault.

ConnectionState
CS11
CS20

A CS1 stuck closed temporal fault can occur only if the simulation time exceeds the time threshold such that

`$t>{t}_{th_t},$`

where:

• t is the simulation time.

• tth_t is the specified value for the Simulation time after which contactors can stick parameter.

A CS1 stuck closed behavioral fault can occur only if the load current exceeds the current threshold for a period of time that exceeds the behavioral trigger time threshold. That is, the behavioral fault can occur only if:

`${i}_{load}>{i}_{th},$`

and

`${t}_{i>i\text{_}th}>{t}_{th\text{_}b},$`

where:

• ith is the specified value for the Maximum permissible load current parameter.

• ti>i_th is the time that the current threshold is exceeded.

• tth_b is the specified value for the Time to fail when exceeding current parameter.

When the temporal or behavioral fault thresholds are exceeded, if CS1 is:

• Closed — CS1 remains closed for the rest of the simulation.

• Open — CS1 the fault does not take effect unless the relay becomes de-energized and the CS1 connection closes. Once closed, the CS1 connection remains closed for the rest of the simulation.

CS2 Stuck Closed Fault

The CS2 stuck closed fault occurs if the common contact, C, becomes mechanically, electrically, or chemically stuck to the normally closed contact, S2. Causes of this type of fault include:

1. Contact welding, possibly due to an inrush current or breaking current that exceeds the rating or load short circuit.

2. Mechanical damage.

3. Insulation deterioration.

The table shows the faulted state for a CS2 stuck closed fault.

ConnectionState
CS10
CS21

A CS2 stuck closed temporal fault can occur only if the simulation time exceeds the time threshold such that:

`$t>{t}_{th_t},$`

where:

• t is the simulation time.

• tth_t is the specified value for the Simulation time after which contactors can stick parameter.

A CS2 stuck closed behavioral fault can occur only if the load current exceeds the current threshold for a period of time that exceeds the behavioral trigger time threshold. That is, the behavioral fault can occur only if:

`${i}_{load}>{i}_{th},$`

and

`${t}_{i>i\text{_}th}>{t}_{th\text{_}b},$`

where:

• ith is the specified value for the Maximum permissible load current parameter.

• ti>i_th is the time that the current threshold is exceeded.

• tth_b is the specified value for the Time to fail when exceeding current parameter.

When the temporal or behavioral fault thresholds are exceeded, if CS2 is:

• Closed — CS2 remains closed for the rest of the simulation.

• Open — The CS2 the fault does not take effect unless the relay becomes energized and the CS2 connection closes. Once closed, the CS2 connection remains closed for the rest of the simulation.

C Open Circuit (No Path to S1 or S2) Fault

The C open circuit (no path to S1 or S2) fault occurs if the common contact, C, becomes mechanically stuck in an open position. This type of fault can happen if:

• There is contact damage or deterioration.

• The switch connector becomes mechanically stuck in the middle of the relay.

The table shows the faulted state for a C open circuit (no path to S1 or S2) fault.

ConnectionState
CS10
CS20

A C open circuit temporal fault can occur only if the simulation time exceeds the time threshold such that

`$t>{t}_{th_t},$`

where:

• t is the simulation time.

• tth_t is the specified value for the Simulation time after which C can be open circuit parameter.

A C open circuit behavioral fault can occur only if the load current exceeds the current threshold for a period of time that exceeds the behavioral trigger time threshold. That is, the behavioral fault can occur only if:

`${i}_{load}>{i}_{th},$`

and

`${t}_{i>i\text{_}th}>{t}_{th\text{_}b},$`

where:

• ith is the specified value for the Maximum permissible load current parameter.

• ti>i_th is the period of time during which the current threshold is exceeded.

• tth_b is the specified value for the Time to fail when exceeding current parameter.

When the temporal fault threshold is exceeded, if:

• The relay is in the open-circuit state, that is, one connection has been broken, and the other connection has not yet been made, the relay remains open for the rest of the simulation.

• Either the CS1 or CS2 connection is closed, the fault does not take effect unless the relay is energized or de-energized and the closed connection is broken. If the connection is broken, the relay becomes an open-circuit, and remains open for the rest of the simulation.

When the behavioral fault thresholds are exceeded, if:

• The relay is in the open-circuit state, that is, one connection has been broken, and the other connection has not yet been made, the relay remains open for the rest of the simulation.

• Either the CS1 or CS2 connection is closed, the relay state immediately becomes an open circuit and remains an open circuit for the rest of the simulation.

Causes of the degraded contact resistance fault include:

1. Overuse-induced overload conditions. High inrush currents and voltages can cause overload conditions, as can excessive switching of the relay. Overload conditions ultimately trigger electrical arching, which generates heat that degrades the contact material.

2. Chemical contamination that interferes with the operation of the relay contacts. Contaminants, which can include oxidation films or foreign particles, tend to produce high or unstable contact resistance readings.

3. End of relay life.

The table shows the faulted state for a degraded contact resistance fault.

ConnectionState
CS1

0 or 1. The contact resistance is degraded.

CS2

0 or 1. The contact resistance is degraded.

A degraded contact resistance temporal fault can occur only if the simulation time exceeds the time threshold such that

`$t>{t}_{th_t},$`

where:

• t is the simulation time.

• tth_t is the specified value for the Simulation time for fault event parameter.

The degraded contact resistances of S1 and S2 are:

`${r}_{contact_s1}\left(t\right)={r}_{contact_fault_s1}-\left({r}_{contact_fault_s1}-{r}_{contact}\right)sech\left(\frac{t-{t}_{th\text{_}t}}{\tau }\right),$`

`${r}_{contact_s2}\left(t\right)={r}_{contact_fault_s2}-\left({r}_{contact_fault_s2}-{r}_{contact}\right)sech\left(\frac{t-{t}_{th\text{_}t}}{\tau }\right),$`

where:

• rcontact_fault_s1 is the final value of the faulted S1 contact resistance.

• rcontact_fault_s2 is the final value of the faulted S2 contact resistance.

• rcontact is the unfaulted S1 and S2 contact resistance.

A degraded contact resistance behavioral fault can occur only if the load current exceeds the current threshold for a period of time that exceeds the behavioral trigger time threshold. That is, the behavioral fault can occur only if:

`${i}_{S1-C}>{i}_{th},$`

and

`${t}_{i1>i\text{_}th}>{t}_{th\text{_}b},$`

where:

• ith is the specified value for the Maximum permissible load current parameter.

• ti1>i_th is the period of time during which the current threshold for the connection C-S1 is exceeded.

• tth_b is the specified value for the Time to fail when exceeding current parameter.

For a behavior-triggered fault, if ${i}_{S1-C}>{i}_{th}$ continuously over the time interval tth_b,

`${r}_{contact_s1}\left(t\right)={r}_{contact_fault_s1}-\left({r}_{contact_fault_s1}-{r}_{contact}\right)sech\left(\frac{{t}_{i1>i_th}-{t}_{th\text{_}b}}{\tau }\right),$`

where:

• iS1-C is the common contact to normally closed contact, CS1, current.

• ith is the specified value for the Maximum permissible load current parameter.

• tth_b is the specified value for the Time to fail when exceeding current parameter.

• rcontact_fault_s1 is the final value of the faulted S1 contact resistance.

• rcontact is the unfaulted S1 contact resistance.

• τ is specified value for the Time constant for degraded contact resistance parameter.

Likewise, for a CS2 connection, if

`${i}_{S2-C}>{i}_{th}$`

and

`${t}_{i2>i\text{_}th}>{t}_{th\text{_}b},$`

then the degraded contact resistance is:

`${r}_{contact_s2}\left(t\right)={r}_{contact_fault_s2}-\left({r}_{contact_fault_s2}-{r}_{contact}\right)sech\left(\frac{{t}_{i2>i_th}-{t}_{th_b}}{\tau }\right),$`

where:

• iS2-C is the common contact to normally closed contact, CS2, current.

• rcontact_fault_s2 is the final value of the faulted S2 contact resistance

When the temporal fault threshold is exceeded, for both the CS1 and the CS2 connections, the contact resistance is immediately degraded and remains degraded for the rest of the simulation.

When the behavioral fault thresholds are exceeded for CS1, in terms of iS1-C, the resistance for the CS1 connection is degraded after the specified value for the Time to fail when exceeding current parameter and remains degraded for the rest of the simulation.

When the behavioral fault thresholds are exceeded for CS2, in terms of iS2-C, the resistance for the CS2 connection is degraded after the specified value for the Time to fail when exceeding current parameter and remains degraded for the rest of the simulation.

Winding failed open circuit

The open-circuit winding fault is available only for the electrical control variant. An open circuit in the winding coil can cause this type of fault.

The table shows the faulted state for a winding failed open circuit fault.

ConnectionState
CS11
CS20

A winding failed open circuit temporal fault can occur only if the simulation time exceeds the time threshold such that

`$t>{t}_{th_t},$`

where:

• t is the simulation time.

• tth_t is the specified value for the Simulation time for fault event parameter.

For time fault, the relay switches depending on the winding current, which is approximated as:

`$L\frac{di}{dt}+Ri={v}_{winding}*sech\left(\frac{t-{t}_{th_t}}{\tau }\right),$`

where :

• L is the winding inductance.

• R is the winding resistance.

• i is the winding current.

• vwinding is the voltage across the winding.

• tth_t is the specified value for the Simulation time for fault event parameter.

• τ is the specified value for the Time constant for winding open circuit transition parameter.

A winding failed open circuit behavioral fault can occur only if one of these conditions is met:

• The winding current exceeds the current threshold for a period of time that exceeds the behavioral trigger time threshold.

• The winding voltage exceeds the voltage threshold for a number of times that exceeds the threshold for the number of voltage overloads.

That is, the behavioral fault can occur only if:

`${i}_{winding}>{i}_{th}$`

and then

`${t}_{i>i\text{_}th}>{t}_{th\text{_}b},$`

where:

• iwinding is the winding current.

• ith is the specified value for the Maximum permissible winding current parameter.

• ti>i_th is the time that the current threshold is exceeded.

• tth_b is the specified value for the Time to fail when exceeding current parameter.

or if:

`${v}_{winding}>{v}_{th},$`

and then

`${N}_{v>v\text{_}th}>{N}_{th},$`

where:

• vwinding is the winding voltage.

• vth is the specified value for the Maximum permissible winding voltage parameter.

• Nv>v_th is the number of times that the voltage threshold is exceeded.

• Nth is the specified value for the Number of events to fail when exceeding voltage parameter.

If the temporal or behavioral fault thresholds are exceeded, the CS1 remains closed for the rest of the simulation

## Limitations and Assumptions

• For behavioral faults, if time to fail when exceeding the current threshold is greater than the time between switching events, no fault is triggered because the accumulated heat is not adequate for melting or breaking the contacts or windings.

• The energize and de-energize delays can differ, but the energize delay must be greater than or equal to the de-energize delay.

## Ports

The type, visibility, and location of the block ports depend on how you configure these parameters in the Main settings:

• Control port — Choose between a physical signal input port, PS, or electrical conserving ports, + and -, for relay control.

• State port — Set the visibility for the relay state physical signal output port, x.

• Common port — Set the location of the common port, C, relative to the contact ports S1 and S2.

Control portState portCommon portBlock
`PS``Hidden``Adjacent to switch ports`

`Adjacent to switch ports`

`Visible``Across from switch ports`

`Across from switch ports`

`Electrical``Hidden`Not applicable

`Visible`Not applicable

### Input

expand all

Physical signal input port that energizes and de-energizes the relay.

#### Dependencies

This port is visible only when, in the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `PS`.

### Output

expand all

State of the relay in terms of the CS1 and CS2 connections:

• 1 — Closed connection

• 0 — Open connection

#### Dependencies

This port is visible only when, in the Main settings, the State port parameter is set to `Visible`.

### Conserving

expand all

Electrical conserving port associated with the normally closed contact.

Electrical conserving port associated with the common contact.

Electrical conserving port associated with the normally open contact.

Electrical conserving port associated with the winding positive voltage terminal. The current through the winding controls the relay state.

#### Dependencies

This port is visible only when, in the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`.

Electrical conserving port associated with the winding negative voltage terminal The current through the winding controls the relay state.

#### Dependencies

This port is visible only when, in the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`.

## Parameters

expand all

### Main

Relay state control method:

• `PS`PS physical signal input port

• `Electrical`+ and - electrical conserving ports associated with the relay winding terminals

#### Dependencies

If this parameter is set to:

The table shows how this parameter affects the visibility of other parameters in the Main settings. To learn how to read the table, see Parameter Dependencies.

Control Port Parameter Dependencies

Control port
`PS``Electrical`
Closed resistanceClosed resistance
Open conductanceOpen conductance
Threshold
State portState port
Common port

Resistance across closed relay contacts. The parameter value must be greater than zero.

Conductance across open relay contacts. The parameter value must be greater than zero.

If the physical signal input is above the threshold value, the relay is energized. Conversely, if the physical signal input falls is the threshold value, the relay is de-energized.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if the Control port parameter is set to `PS`.

Visibility of the physical signal port that outputs the relay state. The port outputs a vector of length two, with the first element corresponding to the CS1 connection and the second to the CS2 connection. The elements are `1` if the corresponding connection is closed, and `0` otherwise.

#### Dependencies

The x port is visible only if this parameter is set to `Visible`.

Location of the common port, C, relative to the S1 and S2 ports.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if the Control port parameter is set to `PS`.

### Winding

The Winding settings are visible only if, in the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`. For more information, see Control port.

Standard voltage applied to the operating coil under normal operating conditions. The current threshold depends on the value of this parameter.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if, in the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`. For more information, see Control port.

Minimum percent of the rated voltage required to energize the relay. The current threshold depends on the value of this parameter.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if, in the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`. For more information, see Control port.

Percent of the rated voltage required to de-energize the relay. The current threshold depends on the value of this parameter.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if, in the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`. For more information, see Control port.

Winding inductance.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if, in the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`. For more information, see Control port.

Resistance between the winding terminals. The current threshold depends on the value of this parameter.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if, in the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`. For more information, see Control port.

Winding conductance.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if, in the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`. For more information, see Control port.

### Mechanical

Mechanical switching time for breaking the connection between ports C and S1 when the relay is energized.

Mechanical switching time for making the connection between ports C and S1 when the relay is de-energized.

Mechanical switching time for breaking the connection between ports C and S2 when the relay is energized.

Mechanical switching time for making the connection between ports C and S2 when the relay is de-energized.

### Faults

The table shows how the specified options for certain parameters in the Faults settings affect the visibility of other parameters in the Faults settings. To learn how to read the table, see Parameter Dependencies.

Note

The Failure mode parameter is visible only if, in the Main settings, the Control Port parameter is set to `Electrical`. For more information, see Control port.

Faults Parameter Dependencies

Faults
Enable faults
`No``Yes`
Reporting when a fault occurs
Failure mode
```Switch fault``````Winding failed open circuit```
Switch fault
```C-S1 stuck closed``````C-S2 stuck closed``````C open circuit (no path to S1 or S2)``````Degraded contact resistance```
Time constant for degraded contact resistanceTime constant for winding open circuit transition
Enable temporal fault triggerEnable temporal fault triggerEnable temporal fault triggerEnable temporal fault triggerEnable temporal fault trigger
`No``Yes``No``Yes``No``Yes``No``Yes``No``Yes`
Simulation time after which contactors can stickSimulation time after which contactors can stickSimulation time after which C can be open circuitSimulation time for fault eventSimulation time for fault event
Enable behavioral fault triggerEnable behavioral fault triggerEnable behavioral fault triggerEnable behavioral fault triggerEnable behavioral fault triggerEnable behavioral fault triggerEnable behavioral fault triggerEnable behavioral fault triggerEnable behavioral fault triggerEnable behavioral fault trigger
`No``Yes``No``Yes``No``Yes``No``Yes``No``Yes``No``Yes``No``Yes``No``Yes``No``Yes``No``Yes`
Number of events to fail when exceeding voltageNumber of events to fail when exceeding voltage
Maximum permissible winding currentMaximum permissible winding current
Time to fail when exceeding currentTime to fail when exceeding currentTime to fail when exceeding currentTime to fail when exceeding currentTime to fail when exceeding currentTime to fail when exceeding currentTime to fail when exceeding currentTime to fail when exceeding currentTime to fail when exceeding currentTime to fail when exceeding current

Whether to model faults.

#### Dependencies

If this parameter is set to `Yes`, related parameters are visible. For more information, see Faults Parameter Dependencies.

Simulation reporting when a fault occurs:

• `None` — Does not generate a warning or an error.

• `Warn` — Generates a warning.

• `Error` — The simulation stops and generates an error.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if the Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`. For more information, see Faults Parameter Dependencies.

Failure mode.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if, in the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical` and, in the Faults settings, the Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`. For more information, see Control port and Faults Parameter Dependencies.

The specified option for this parameter affects the visibility of other parameters in the Faults settings. For more information, see Faults Parameter Dependencies.

Switch fault model.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if either of these conditions are met:

• In the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `PS` and, in the Faults settings, the Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

• In the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`, and in the Faults settings, the Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes` and the Failure mode parameter is set to `Switch fault`.

Degraded resistance of the faulted S1 contact.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if either one of these two sets of conditions is met:

Condition Set One

• In the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `PS`.

• In the Faults settings:

• The Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

• The Switch fault parameter is set to ```Degraded contact resistance```.

Condition Set Two

• In the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`.

• In the Faults settings:

• The Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

• The Failure mode parameter is set to ```Switch fault```.

• The Switch fault parameter is set to ```Degraded contact resistance```.

Degraded resistance of the faulted S2 contact.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if either one of these two sets of conditions is met:

Condition Set One

• In the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `PS`.

• In the Faults settings:

• The Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

• The Switch fault parameter is set to ```Degraded contact resistance```.

Condition Set Two

• In the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`.

• In the Faults settings:

• The Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

• The Failure mode parameter is set to ```Switch fault```.

• The Switch fault parameter is set to ```Degraded contact resistance```.

Time constant for contact resistance to fall into degraded status. The degraded contact resistances for S1 and S2 have the same time constant.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if either one of these two sets of conditions is met:

Condition Set One

• In the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `PS`.

• In the Faults settings:

• The Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

• The Switch fault parameter is set to ```Degraded contact resistance```.

Condition Set Two

• In the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`.

• In the Faults settings:

• The Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

• The Failure mode parameter is set to ```Switch fault```.

• The Switch fault parameter is set to ```Degraded contact resistance```.

Time constant for the winding open circuit transition.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if all of these conditions are met:

• In the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`.

• In the Faults settings:

• The Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

• The Failure mode parameter is set to ```Winding failed open circuit```.

Whether to enable a temporal fault trigger.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if the Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

If this parameter is set to `Yes`, related parameters become visible.

Simulation time after which the S1 or S2 contact can stick closed for a `C-S1 stuck closed` or `C-S2 stuck closed` fault.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if either one of these two sets of conditions is met:

Condition Set One

• In the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `PS`.

• In the Faults settings:

• The Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

• The Switch fault parameter is set to either ```C-S1 stuck closed``` or ```C-S2 stuck closed```.

• The Enable temporal fault trigger parameter is set to `Yes`.

Condition Set Two

• In the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`.

• In the Faults settings:

• The Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

• The Failure mode parameter is set to ```Switch fault```.

• The Switch fault parameter is set to either ```C-S1 stuck closed``` or ```C-S2 stuck closed```.

• The Enable temporal fault trigger parameter is set to `Yes`.

Simulation time after which, for the ```C open circuit (no path to S1 or S2)``` fault, the relay can be faulted to the open- circuit state.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if either one of these two sets of conditions is met:

Condition Set One

• In the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `PS`.

• In the Faults settings:

• The Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

• The Switch fault parameter is set to ```C open circuit (no path to S1 or S2)```.

• The Enable temporal fault trigger parameter is set to `Yes`.

Condition Set Two

• In the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`.

• In the Faults settings:

• The Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

• The Failure mode parameter is set to ```Switch fault```.

• The Switch fault parameter is set to ```C open circuit (no path to S1 or S2)```.

• The Enable temporal fault trigger parameter is set to `Yes`.

Simulation time after which a fault can occur for either a ```Degraded contact resistance``` or a ```Winding failed open circuit``` fault.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if either one of these three sets of conditions is met:

Condition Set One

• In the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `PS`.

• In the Faults settings:

• The Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

• The Switch fault parameter is set to ```Degraded contact resistance```.

• The Enable temporal fault trigger parameter is set to `Yes`.

Condition Set Two

• In the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`.

• In the Faults settings:

• The Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

• The Failure mode parameter is set to ```Switch fault```.

• The Switch fault parameter is set to ```Degraded contact resistance```.

• The Enable temporal fault trigger parameter is set to `Yes`.

Condition Set Three

• In the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`.

• In the Faults settings:

• The Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

• The Failure mode parameter is set to ```Winding failed open circuit```.

• The Enable temporal fault trigger parameter is set to `Yes`.

Whether to enable a behavioral fault trigger.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if the Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

If this parameter is set to `Yes`, related parameters become visible.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if either one of these two sets of conditions is met:

Condition Set One

• In the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `PS`.

• In the Faults settings:

• The Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

• The Enable behavioral fault trigger parameter is set to `Yes`.

Condition Set Two

• In the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`.

• In the Faults settings:

• The Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

• The Failure mode parameter is set to ```Switch fault```.

• The Enable behavioral fault trigger parameter is set to `Yes`.

Maximum voltage for the relay winding, above which a fault may be triggered.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if:

• In the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`.

• In the Faults settings:

• The Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

• The Failure mode parameter is set to ```Winding failed open circuit```.

• The Enable behavioral fault trigger parameter is set to `Yes`.

Number of times the relay must exceed the winding voltage threshold before a `Winding failed open circuit` fault is triggered.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if:

• In the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`.

• In the Faults settings:

• The Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

• The Failure mode parameter is set to ```Winding failed open circuit```.

• The Enable behavioral fault trigger parameter is set to `Yes`.

Winding current threshold for triggering a behavioral ```Winding failed open circuit``` fault.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if:

• In the Main settings, the Control port parameter is set to `Electrical`.

• In the Faults settings:

• The Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

• The Failure mode parameter is set to ```Winding failed open circuit```.

• The Enable behavioral fault trigger parameter is set to `Yes`.

Amount of time that the load or winding current must continuously exceed the maximum permissible current before a behavioral fault is triggered.

#### Dependencies

This parameter is visible only if both of these conditions are met:

• The Enable faults parameter is set to `Yes`.

• The Enable behavioral fault trigger parameter is set to `Yes`.