Yes and no.
- the measurement might have been contaminated
- a measurement might have been entered in the wrong file
- the wrong file might have been input (such as due to a small mistake in entering the file name)
- the measurement device might not have been tuned properly for the measurement
- the wrong sample might have been measured
- the measuring device might not be working properly, perhaps because it is being used in conditions it is not designed for
- some kinds of noise can smear readings by a large amount even if the probability is low ("1 in a million chances happen 9 times out of 10") -- a case where the noise "caused" the outlier in the sense you probably meant
- there might be additional processes at work that were not accounted for, and might not always occur, such as you might get a sudden spike in chemicals in water right as fish lay eggs
- some kinds of noise can trigger large reactions, where the reading of what actually happened might be pretty accurate but the large reaction does not occur much -- a case where the noise "caused" an actual change, which is probably not what you meant about causing outliers.
An example of noise triggering a large reaction: Suppose you flip a coin on to a surface and time how long it takes to come to a rest on its side. If the process is truly random (uncertainty in the initial velocities overwhelm the prediction calculations), then from time to time the coin will land on its edge, and may roll for a time and may even end up stopping on edge. There may be a low probability of the system entering a quite different dynamic state then typical, but it happens. This can be actually be quite important in quantum mechanical processes.
