ROC curve

compute a ROC curve

Description

ROC - Receiver Operating Characteristics.
The ROC graphs are a useful technique for organizing classifiers and visualizing their performance. ROC graphs are commonly used in medical decision making.

YOU CAN USE THIS FUNCTION ONLY AND ONLY IF YOU HAVE A BINARY CLASSIFICATOR.

The input is a Nx2 matrix: in the first column you will put your test values (i.e. glucose blood level); in the second column you will put only 1 or 0 (i.e. 1 if the subject is diabetic; 0 if he/she is healthy).

By itself (without arguments) roc will run a demo.

The function computes and plots the classical ROC curve and curves for Sensitivity, Specificity and Efficiency (see the screenshot).

The function will show 4 cut-off points:
1) Max sensitivity
2) Max specificity
3) Cost effective (cross point of sensitivity and specificity curves)
4) Max Efficiency

ROC requires one function of mine: partest and requires the Curve fitting toolbox. If partest is absent ROC will download it from FEX

You can find more information on:
http://www.advancedmcode.org/roc-curve.html

My profile on LinkedIN http://it.linkedin.com/in/giuseppecardillo

• Required Products: Curve Fitting Toolbox
• MATLAB release: MATLAB 7.6 (R2008a)

[Giuseppe Cardillo]

As I previously wrote, the main paper you have to read is Hanley JA, McNeil BJ. The Meaning and Use of the Area under a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve. Radiology. 1982 Apr;143(1):29-36.
Now I think it is quite impossible to find a paper describing each bayesian parameter, so you could email me in private and I could try to help you.

Adding a costant will not affect results.

[Noam]

Hi,
Great code. Thanks. Some questions:
1) Is there any document explaning the output - what each result means and how is it calculated?
2) We found that a negative value in the data causing an error. Is that true? Will adding a constant to bring all data above zero will affect the results?
Thanks.

[Giuseppe Cardillo]

By definition, the efficiency is the fraction of subjects that are correctly classified.
TRACE(M) is the sum of the elements on the main diagonal; in our case it is the sum of true positives and negatives.
SUM(M(:)) is the sum of the elements of the matrix and so it is the number of studied subjects.
TRACE(M)/SUM(M(:)) is the efficiency.

[Benjamin]

In the 25 Sep 2012 version, can you describe/cite how 'trace(M)/sum(M(:))' , where M is a 2x2 of [TP FP;FN TN], results in an efficiency measure at each threshold?

[Jorge Amaral]

I run the same problem again on matlab 7.8 ( R2009a) and it was perfect. I was using matlab 7.4 before. I fixed the error mentioned by Segun Oshin and run some examples with matlab 7.4 and it was ok. However, when I ran the example above there was an error in 7.4 but not in Mtalab 7.8. Thanks
Jorge

[Giuseppe Cardillo]

@Jorge Amaral
Thank you for your comment.
I used your data and this is the result:
ROC CURVE DATA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cut-off point Sensivity Specificity
0.9000 0.0000 1.0000
0.8000 0.1000 1.0000
0.7000 0.2000 1.0000
0.6000 0.2000 0.9000
0.5500 0.3000 0.9000
0.5400 0.4000 0.9000
0.5300 0.5000 0.9000
0.5200 0.5000 0.8000
0.5100 0.5000 0.7000
0.5050 0.6000 0.7000
0.4000 0.6000 0.6000
0.3900 0.7000 0.6000
0.3800 0.7000 0.5000
0.3700 0.8000 0.5000
0.3600 0.8000 0.4000
0.3500 0.8000 0.3000
0.3400 0.8000 0.2000
0.3300 0.9000 0.2000
0.3000 0.9000 0.1000
0.1000 1.0000 0.1000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ROC CURVE ANALYSIS

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AUC S.E. 95% C.I. Comment
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.68000 0.12186 0.44115 0.91885 Poor test
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Standardized AUC 1-tail p-value
1.4771 0.069828 The area is not statistically greater than 0.5

so there is not error. If you want contact me by email and we'll try to better understand and to solve

[ananthi]

gud stuff sir.i am doin my final year project.i tried ur codes.its workin gud 4 default values.but i dono 2 feed d input.. wat do u mean by data value?i hav used svm classifier. the output of svm is no of ones and no of zeros.how shld i feed tis as input..i need tis immediately..can u plz help...

[Jorge Amaral]

Great work!
I have a question regarding the code. In line 222
(if p<=alpha) , I have partest in the same directory but when I run the code with the matrix:
fawcett_matrix =
0.7000 0
0.5300 0
0.5200 0
0.5050 0
0.3900 0
0.3700 0
0.3600 0
0.3500 0
0.3300 0
0.1000 0
0.9000 1.0000
0.8000 1.0000
0.6000 1.0000
0.5500 1.0000
0.5400 1.0000
0.5100 1.0000
0.4000 1.0000
0.3800 1.0000
0.3400 1.0000
0.3000 1.0000
ROCout=roc(fawcett_matrix,0,0.05,1) the following error occurs:
??? Undefined function or variable "co".

Error in ==> roc at 271
ROCout.co=co;

I think it happens because p is greater than alpha in line 222 and there is no default value. Is that correct?
Thanks,

Jorge

[Giuseppe Cardillo]

this is a problem caused by using a new syntax of matlab that is not supported by your version. Simply do this:
1) edit roc
2) change [~,J]=min(d); into [S,J]=min(d);
3) save and exit

[K]

Hi Mr.Cardillo, I'd like to run the sample command "roc" but the error appears:

>> roc
??? Error: File: roc.m Line: 225 Column: 11
Expression or statement is incorrect--possibly unbalanced (, {, or [.

Any idea to encounter this?, my matlab version 7.6.0

Thanks in advance.

[Frb]

 

[Frb]

I appreciate your help, it worked :)

[Giuseppe Cardillo]

this error shows that something doesnt work on rocdata and so you have not x in your workspace. Now I have changed and uploaded a new version of roc so, if you call roc without arguments, it will run the demo by itself. If you dont want to wait for the FEX updating simply change in the code the default.value in this way

default.values = {[165 1;140 1;154 1;139 1;134 1;154 1;120 1;133 1;150 1;...

146 1;140 1;114 1;128 1;131 1;116 1;128 1;122 1;129 1;145 1;117 1;140 1;...

149 1;116 1;147 1;125 1;149 1;129 1;157 1;144 1;123 1;107 1;129 1;152 1;...

164 1;134 1;120 1;148 1;151 1;149 1;138 1;159 1;169 1;137 1;151 1;141 1;...

145 1;135 1;135 1;153 1;125 1;159 1;148 1;142 1;130 1;111 1;140 1;136 1;...

142 1;139 1;137 1;187 1;154 1;151 1;149 1;148 1;157 1;159 1;143 1;124 1;...

141 1;114 1;136 1;110 1;129 1;145 1;132 1;125 1;149 1;146 1;138 1;151 1;...

147 1;154 1;147 1;158 1;156 1;156 1;128 1;151 1;138 1;193 1;131 1;127 1;...

129 1;120 1;159 1;147 1;159 1;156 1;143 1;149 1;160 1;126 1;136 1;150 1;...

136 1;151 1;140 1;145 1;140 1;134 1;140 1;138 1;144 1;140 1;140 1;159 0;...

136 0;149 0;156 0;191 0;169 0;194 0;182 0;163 0;152 0;145 0;176 0;122 0;...

141 0;172 0;162 0;165 0;184 0;239 0;178 0;178 0;164 0;185 0;154 0;164 0;...

140 0;207 0;214 0;165 0;183 0;218 0;142 0;161 0;168 0;181 0;162 0;166 0;...

150 0;205 0;163 0;166 0;176 0;],0,0.05,1};

[Frb]

This error happens,
load rocdata
roc(x)

??? Error using ==> cell
Size vector must be a row vector with real elements.

Error in ==> roc at 44
args=cell(varargin);

[Giuseppe Cardillo]

typing 'load rocdata' you already have your matrix x into the workspace. if you will type x you will see all the data of the matrix. now type roc(x)

[Frb]

Data is on rocdata.mat, true?
so I write load rocdata.mat but I should put it into x, how can I do that?

[Giuseppe Cardillo]

maybe giving us some informations we could try to help you...

[Frb]

Hey guys, I couldn't run the program, any help plz?

[Ali Ali]

Thanks a lot

[Giuseppe Cardillo]

Dear Benjamin, I think that Pythagora don't care if you acknowledge him or not :-).
For the standard error I used an equation described in: Hanley JA, McNeil BJ. Radiology 1982 143 29-36. The meaning and use of the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve.

Please cite me only if you use all my function: if you took pieces of code, you can decide to cite me or not.

Lastly, I prefer to use quantile and not a fixed size step because real data usually are not equally spaced.

[Benjamin]

I was also going to suggest adding a varagin to delineate a step-size, ex:
%add a varagin, in this case I am calling it step which can describe the distance between thresholds to be calculated
if(nargin<2 )
z=sortrows(x,1);
%find unique values in z
step=unique(z(:,1));
elseif length(step)==1 % the fixed step size is being requested
step=[min(pred):step:max(pred)]
end
% later in guiseppe code just do labels=step

Also, Guiseppe, I implemented your standard error and pythagoras into my code which generated data that will probably used in an upcoming paper. Do you mind being acknowledged or are there any actual articles to cite? Your call. And lastly, I have a GUI that is pretty beta, but works.

[Reza]

Thanks for the update.
P.S. I work with images of 2000x2000 pixels, so... ;)

[Giuseppe Cardillo]

Dear Jay, thank you for your comment. I don't agree so much with you. If you look at the code:
1) all vectors are preallocated;
2) True and false positive and negative are computed using logical indexing.
So the computations are very fast.
Anyway, I introduced your suggest and now you can choose if you want to use all or 3<=N<all unique values as thresholds. I have just uploaded the file.

[Reza]

hey there, nice program!

However, you use each element of the data as a threshold and you calculate the fpr tpr etc. This means a very very long time and many many points on the curve for a large vector (which makes your program useless). To avoid this, I suggest you let the user to choose the number of thresholds.

[Benjamin]

Thanks, that fixed it and I now understand the difference with SE.

[Giuseppe Cardillo]

Perhaps you are right: I uploaded the file at July to fix the bug by Segun Oshin; it is clear that somewhat in the upload went wrong. I have just reupload the file.
If you are using my roc dataset, you will see that 0's and 1's are not in the same proportion. If you invert 0's and 1's the curve is slight different and so the SE is quite different.

[Benjamin]

Thanks for answering all of my questions, I really do appreciate it. I still have an issue with your answer for number 3.

First, I was using an inverted data set when I stated the answer should be 151 not 150 (previous post). Second, using the download available on this page right now, running roc(x) gives a cutoff of 153. As you state, the correct answer is in fact 152. Therefore, I am not sure if you changed something and didn't update, since the cutoff value is still using the row of the minimum distance from xroc,yroc and grabbing that rows value from 'labels', hence the wrong answer of 153. (lines 184-186)

To confirm this, run the download from here and see what cutoff you get. Maybe it is something on my end?

As for the standard error calculation (#4), I was playing around and found that if I inverted the 1's and 0's before running, I would get a different Serror for the AUC, which I assumed should be the same regardless of whether they were inverted. The Serror of the sample data is 0.02713, and if I invert the observations, it becomes 0.0364. This is probably trivial.

Thanks again for your excellent responses.

[Giuseppe Cardillo]

I'll try to answer the questions by Benjamin.
1) The SE of the area is calculated using this equation from Hanley JA, McNeil BJ. Radiology 1982 143 29-36.
2) I haven't project to implement a GUI. Anyway this function is under GPL license, so you can modify and redistribute it without any problems but correct citations.
3) I took in account that there are 2 more points in xroc and yroc arrays than labels array. If you look deeper in the code (line 138):
table=[labels'; yroc(2:end-1)'; 1-xroc(2:end-1)';]';
As you can see, the displayed xroc and yroc points go from 2 to end-1 (and so the points 0,0 and 1,1 are excluded). Anyway, using the demo dataset the cut-off point is 152 (that is the closest to green line)...
4) The standard error of the area is a function of the area and points used to draw the ROC curve: if you have two ROC curves, the first with 10 points and the second with 100 points the first will have a greater SE than the second. hbar and ubar are used to correctly compute the false and true positives and negatives. Their values don't influence the SE computation.

[Benjamin]

Also, when hbar>ubar, I think values in standard error calculations should be changed. Otherwise, you can get to different standard error values from the same area under the curve depending on whether healthy average is higher than disease average.

Sorry to keep bugging you here, but this is the best way I can see to make suggestions. As you can tell, I have been digging into this lately.

[Benjamin]

I think there may be an issue within the code, but I could be wrong. When you create xroc and yroc using
xroc=flipud([1; 1-a(:,2); 0]) , the additional two rows are not also added to labels. For instance, in your example data, this yields 72 paired points for the ROC curve (# rows in xroc or yroc) but only 70 thresholds (# rows in labels). This causes issues when reporting the threshold value since this is determined by a row reference back to labels (in the example, the threshold by your math should be 151 not 150 (using 'labels' and 'a').

If this doesn't make sense, or I am wrong, please let me know. Its really not a big deal with large datasets with many points on the curve, but becomes an issue with smaller sets where points are farther apart.

[Benjamin]

Giuseppe,

First off, great code, really. I was wondering if you used a specific citable method to calculate the standard error for the AUC, which is then used for the CI?

Second, and more trivial, have you thought about implementing this as a GUI or stand alone? My next side project is to make one for my boss to use (without Matlab).

Thanks again for the great code.

[Segun Oshin]

Hi, the code is very good. However, I encounter an error where the cut-off point is set, on line 186,

??? Attempted to access labels(7397); index out of bounds because numel(labels)=7396.

Error in ==> roc at 186
co=labels(J); %Set the cut-off point

Is there a way to fix this?
Kind regards!

[Segun Oshin]

 

[Neel]

Giuseppe, I find your code useful. I was keen to calculate Equal Error Rate based on your code. Do you have any suggestions as to how I can do this easily. This will be appreciated.

[Neel]

 

[Jens Kaftan]

Hi Giuseppe.
I have had a look at the new release today and I think it is still not perfectly correct. I have validated the scripts using the example data of Hanley and McNeil's 1982 paper: "The Meaning and Use of the Area under a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve", which seems to be the basis for the calculations (such as the approximation of Q_1 and Q_2) anyways. To my opinion the problem is that when integrating over the ROC curve to compute the AUC, the data point (sensitivity=1, specificity=0) is not considered when using the trapezoidal rule. Consequently the AUC value (and all AUC dependent measures) differ slightly from the example in the mentioned article (which becomes more severe for non-continous tests with only a few cut-off points).

Best,
Jens.

[cabrego]

I tested the new release and it is agreeing with other codes now. Michael, you may also wish to verify that the new version is working correctly.

I also think adding the cut off points as an additional x or y axis would be very useful to understand the trade off between sensitivity and sensibility.

[Michael]

Agree with cabrego, this algorithm does not work correctly. Depending on the input data, it generates ROC curves with specificity and sensitivity backward. I believe this is because elements that fall below a cutoff value (I in the code) are called "true positives" when they should be "false positives". The convention is that higher values of a test are abnormal (positive).

I confirmed that other software (online ROC calculator, ROCR in R, STATA) does not behave this way with the same input data and all others produce correct results.

Use at your own risk.

[cabrego]

Nice function, but I think it may have a bug, I am getting different results for significantly overlaping distributions when I compare to medcalc, and online calculators.

email me for more details: [e-mail]

[Phong Vo]

Thank you very much!

[Pawel]

 

[Günther Eibl]

easy to use!

[Diego García Bascuñán]

Good function

[Truc Phan]

 

[Brahim HAMADICHAREF]

Good stuff.