Hi, I solved this issue a few weeks ago, but forgot to come back here and provide an update until now.
Basically, it turns out that the license that we got (which appears to be a special license given to my university) required us to download the ISO file (which was several gigabytes large) directly from a page at our university, rather than use the installer on the mathworks site. We did that, and it worked fine.
So the lesson here is that at least some Matlab licenses do not work with the ordinary installer. Equivalently, you can also say that the ordinary installer's behavior depends very much on the license key that you put in. However, it would have been very helpful if, instead of simply displaying a blank list of products, the ordinary installer had said something to the effect of "you are using a special license from blah university. That license requires you do download the products in an ISO file directly from your university, which is why you see a blank list of products here. Please contact your university for more information!"