Matlab code for LEs of non-commensurate FO

Program to compute LEs of autonomous continuous systems of non-commensurate Caputo's Fractional Order

April 2026: An improved Matlab routine, FO_LE, for numerical computation of the Lyapunov exponents of fractional-order systems modeled by Caputo’s derivative, conceived as an enhanced version of the former FO_Lyapunov and FO_NC_Lyapunov codes for commensurate and non-commensurate orders, respectively can be uploaded at

https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/183619-fo_le

The code replaces the Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization procedure with QR-based reorthonormalization, and uses the new quadratic LIL predictor–corrector scheme LIL_nc

https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/183478-lil_nc

for the integration of the extended variational system.

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The program, determines the Lyapunov Exponents (LEs) of non-commensurate Fractional Order (FO) autonomous continuous-time system modeled by Capto's derivative (cite [1])

For the proof of memory principle of the algorithm see [2]