Getting empty solution for second order differential equation

initial conditions are, x(0)=0 and dx/dt(0)=0

I want equation of x in terms of t. But I am not getting.

[Jan]

What ist your question? Do you consider, that most functions do not have a closed form integral? That Matlab cannot find one, could mean, that there is none.

[Torsten]

@Gopalji Kalojiya

Maybe you mean sin(t) instead of sin(x) ?

[Gopalji Kalojiya]

No, in question we have given sin(x) only.

[Gopalji Kalojiya]

@Jan

I want to solve differential equation given above. I just want to know that why I am getting empty solution for that.

[Star Strider]

Note that implies .

MATLAB makes the appropriate assumption about it, and defines x as .

Answer 1

[Star Strider]

It apparently does not have an analytic solution.

Integrate it numerically —

syms x(t) t Y 
ode = diff(x,2) + 2*diff(x) + 5*sin(x) == 5

ode(t) = 

Dx = diff(x);
% cond = [x(0) == pi/2, Dx(0) == 0]
[VF,Subs] = odeToVectorField(ode)

VF = 

Subs = 

ode_fcn = matlabFunction(VF, 'Vars',{t,Y})

ode_fcn = function_handle with value:
    @(t,Y)[Y(2);sin(Y(1)).*-5.0-Y(2).*2.0+5.0]

tspan = [0 10];
ic = [pi/2, 0];
[t,y] = ode45(ode_fcn, tspan, ic);

figure
plot(t,y)
grid
legend(string(Subs))

.

Answer 2

[Sam Chak]

Hi @Gopalji Kalojiya

I believe that the question never ask you to find the analytical solution of the damped pendulum system, because it doesn't exist. The analytical solution only exists for undamped pendulum system:

and it is in the form of Jacobi elliptic function and the inverse sine function. For more info, please check the suggested article:

Ochs, K. (2011). A comprehensive analytical solution of the nonlinear pendulum. European Journal of Physics, 32(2), 479–490. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/32/2/019.

Script for the forced responses of the damped pendulum system:

% Damped Pendulum ODE

f = @(t, x) [x(2); ...

5 - 5*sin(x(1)) - 2*x(2)];

tStart = 0;

tEnd = 10;

step = 0.01;

numel = length(tStart : step : tEnd);

tspan = linspace(tStart, tEnd, numel)';

init = [pi/2 0]; % initial condition

% Runge-Kutta Dormand-Prince 4/5 solver

[t, x] = ode45(f, tspan, init);

plot(t, x, 'linewidth', 1.5)

grid on

xlabel('Time, t [sec]')

ylabel({'x(t), and x''(t)'})

title('Forced responses of the damped pendulum system')

legend('x(t)', 'x''(t)')

Result:

If you can continuously supply a torque that generates the angular acceleration of 5 rad/s², then the bob of a nearly 2-m length pendulum will look as if it is suspended at 90°. When the pendulum is in steady-state, , and thus,

.

Since the initial value for is already in equilibrium, it will continue to stay so until the constant torque is removed or changed.

Script for the free responses of the damped pendulum system:

% Damped Pendulum ODE

f = @(t, x) [x(2); ...

0 - 5*sin(x(1)) - 2*x(2)];

tStart = 0;

tEnd = 10;

step = 0.01;

numel = length(tStart : step : tEnd);

tspan = linspace(tStart, tEnd, numel)';

init = [pi/2 0]; % initial condition

% Runge-Kutta Dormand-Prince 4/5 solver

[t, x] = ode45(f, tspan, init);

plot(t, x, 'linewidth', 1.5)

grid on

xlabel('Time, t [sec]')

ylabel({'x(t), and x''(t)'})

title('Free responses of the damped pendulum system')

legend('x(t)', 'x''(t)')

Result:

If the torque is removed, the bob takes approximately 5 seconds to converge to 0°. You may think that 5-sec is rather slow. After all, the pendulum length is nearly 2 meters long .